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World Geography (Geo Basics (Definitions: (GPS (Global Positioning System)…

- - - - Examples
        
        Eckert IV: on this projection the size of places is accurate but the shape near the poles is distorted. This projection is used to show the number of people in different areas.
        
        Mercator Projection: the mercator projection is a square projection that is most commonly used. Pro: provides correct direction. Con: the sizing is incorrect. For example, Greenland is huge.
        
        Goode's Homolosine: this projection snips bits out of oceans, allowing the continents to stretch without distorting their shapes although it does distort the shape and size of the oceans.
  - - - Orographic Effect: The windward side is cool and moist. The leeward side is warm and dry.
      - Elevation: For every 1000 ft in elevation, the temperature drops 3 degrees.
      - Closeness to Large Bodies of Water: Water moderates the temperature creating cooler summers and warmer winters.
      - Ocean Currents: Warm currents create a warmer climate and colder currents create a cooler climate.
      - Latitude: As latitude increases, the average annual temperature decreases.
- - - - Territoriality: the connection of people and their culture to the land they inhabit.
      - Sovereignty: the authority to make political decisions about control over people, land, and resources. (Political power)
  - - - Allocational: when a resource lies on two sides of a border. Who gets what?
      - Locational: when the border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up.
      - Definitional: when border treaties are interpreted two different ways by state.
      - Operational: when borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem.
  - - - UNCLOS Treaty: UNCLOS stands for the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Seas.
        
        Exclusive Economic Zone: A country can claim up to 200 miles of territory beyond its shoreline as an “exclusive economic zone”
        
        International Waters: outside of 200 miles is considered international waters (owned by everyone.)
        
        Contiguous Zone: the “Contiguous Zone” is a band of water extending from the edge of territorial waters up to 24 miles from the coast.
        In this zone, states can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing “infringements of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory.”
        
        Median-Line Principle: if there is not enough water for each country on opposite sides of the sea to have 200 miles of exclusive economic zone, then the 2 or more countries involved will divide up the water evenly.
        
        Territorial Waters: countries with territory on a coast exercise complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from shoreline.
        (However, ships from other countries have the right to “innocent passage” through these waters.)
- - - - Slow/Stable Growth: there is little change in the lower sections of the pyramid. Only after the upper ages do you see a marked change in population. This type of population pyramid is mostly found in developed countries sometimes middle income countries. These countries have good health care, long life expectancies, and stable governments. Examples: France and US.
        .
      - Rapid Growth: looks like a typical pyramid with a large base that gets smaller as you ascend. This type of population typically has poor health care and short life expectancies. Mostly found in under-developed countries. Example: Nigeria.
      - Negative/Declining Growth: The top third and bottom third are both smaller than the middle section of the pyramid. This type of population pyramid is mostly found in developed countries. These countries have good health care, long life expectancies, and stable governments. However, their birth rates are lower than needed to replace the population. Example: Japan.
      - Dependency Ratio: a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64.
  - - - Stage 2: this stage is less developed and poor ($). it has a high birthrate that is beginning to decrease for reasons similar to stage one (e.g. infant mortality, lack of birth control, children needed to help make a living.) The death rate is high but quickly decreasing as there are a few small medical interventions as well as access to clean water, stable food, improved sanitation, transportation and decreased child mortality. The population growth is exploding. Examples of a stage two country are Nigeria and Bolivia.
      - Stage 3: this stage is developing and has some money ($$). The birth rate begins to fall really quickly as there is family planning, birth control and lower infant mortality. As well as urbanization and more opportunities for women. The death rate is low and the population growth plateaus. Examples of a third stage country are China and Argentina.
      - Stage 1: this stage is the poorest and most remote, the birth rate is very high due to reasons such as a high infant mortality rate, a lack of birth control, alack of education for women and the need for children to help make a living. The death rate is also very high due to a lack of medicine, no access to clean water, stable food, transportation and sanitation. The population growth is staying the same. Examples of a stage one country are Burkina Faso and Chad.
        
        Infant Mortality Rate: the number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of the given geographical area during the same year.
      - Stage 4: this stage is the most developed and rich ($$$). It has a very low birthrate and death rate as it is well developed. The population growth is stable. An issue countries in this stage will face is a top heavy population with not enough working people to care for the elderly due to a low birth rate. Examples of stage four country are the USA and the UK.
  - - - Internal Migration: involves moving from one region of a country to another. (e.g. rural to urban, college, retirement)
      - Step Migration: occurs when people move up in the hierarchy of locations. With each move these migrants improve their situation.
      - Chain Migration: occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold. They send information back to their family and friends, encouraging them to move.
      - Forced Migration: forced movement of a person/people away from their home/region/country for reasons such as natural disasters, famine, poverty, political persecution, war, poverty and violence.
        
        Asylum: protection granted by a nation to a refugee seeking help.
        
        Refugees: people who have been forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, natural disasters, etc.
      - Immigration vs. Emigration: immigration is movement into a country. Immigrants are people moving to a place to live there permanently. Emigration is movement out of a country to live elsewhere. Emigrants are people moving from a place.
      - Cyclical Migration: occurs when workers migrate for temporary periods and then return to their home countries (often seen in agriculture.)The receiving country benefits from cheaper/hard to fill labor. The sending country receive remittances.
        
        Remittances: money sent from migrants to theirs families back home.