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Flowers and Reproduction (Fruit Types/Seed Dispersal (True/Accessory…

- - - - Dry fruit
        
        Not typically eaten by seed-distributing animals.
        
        Further classification
        
        Indehiscent
        
        Do not break open and release seeds.
        
        Dehiscent
        
        Break open and release seeds.
        
        Many dry fruits are dehiscent, though the exceptions remain.
      - One of several methods, focuses on if fruit is dry or fleshy,
  - - - Used to refer to tissues inside the fruit regardless of origins.
      - Terms "pericarp" and "fruit" has been applied to both types of fruit.
      - In most cases, this term refers to the ovary wall.
  - - - Definite variety of ways seeds may be carried.
      - "Sticky seeds"
        
        Hooks, barbs, etc. can latch onto animal fur or feathers. Sticky solutions may also work.
      - Edible Seeds
        
        Often are bright and colorful to promote the animal consuming the fruit and seed with it.
        
        Seeds must be made to withstand being crushed by teeth or digested by stomach acid.
        
        Immature fruits give off a bitter/sour taste, or are simply hard as a rock.
    - - Fruits and seed must be light.
      - Have evolved wings or parachutes to remain aloft.
      - Often weigh less than a single gram, speaking in terms of seeds.
    - - Must be buoyant. A seed can "drown" if underwater too long.
      - Must also be resistant to mildew and rot.
      - Can be larger and heavier than wind-carried seeds.
      - Fair example is the coconut, which is more than able to float from one island to another.
- - - - Very leaf-like.
      - Important in attracting the correct pollinators.
      - Above the sepals on the receptacle.
    - - Two main parts, the filament and anther. Pollen produced here.
      - Referred to as the "male" part of a flower.
        
        Technically not male because the flower is a sporophyte.
      - Above the petals, known collectively as the androecium.
    - - Typically the thickest and toughest parts of a flower.
      - Protects the flower from nectar stealing birds and insects.
      - Lowermost and outermost of the four appendages.
    - - 3 parts.
        
        Style, elevates stigma to a useful positon.
        
        Ovary, where megaspores are produced.
        
        Stigma, catches pollen grains.
      - Aside from bearing ovules, the carpel is rather leaflike.
      - Constitutes the gynoecium.
  - - - Embryo sacs may form.
        
        An embryo sac is a multinucleate megagametophyte (that's a mouthful).
      - Megagametophytes are made up of seven cells.
        
        Egg apparatus with two synergids and an egg, to make up what is left.
        
        3 small antipodal cells
        
        One Central Cell
      - Within the ovule, the surviving megaspore develops into this.
    - - Divides mitotically, forming the vegetative and generative cell.
      - In around 30% of angiosperms, formation of sperm cells occurs even while the pollen is still located within the anther.
      - In all angiosperms, these are very small.
  - - - New phases for Plants
        
        Fertilization
        
        Otherwise known as "syngamy".
        
        Produces a diploid known as a "Zygote".
        
        Gametes fusing with other gametes.
        
        A gamete that does not undergo syngamy almost always simply dies.
        
        Sporophyte Phase
        
        Plants people are most familiar with. Trees, shrubs, etc.
        
        Merely one part of the life cycle.
        
        Sporophytes are always diploid.
        
        Gametophyte Phase
        
        Oogamy
        
        Mammalian gametes are of two types...
        
        Small sperm cells (microgametes)
        
        Large egg cells (macrogametes).
      - Gametes
        
        Sperm
        
        Produced by Males.
        
        Eggs
        
        Produced by Females.
        
        Both haploid, need to come together to create new life.
        
        Once joined, known as "Zygote".
- - - - Stamens
        
        Produce pollen
      - Carpels
        
        Egg production
      - Lacking either results in an "imperfect flower".
      - Both are needed to advance sexual reproduction. Lacking one is a crippling blow to the plant.
    - - Sepals
      - Petals
      - While helpful, these do not necessarily damage the plant's ability to reproduce if removed.
    - - Examples of plants with Dioecy
        
        Dates
        
        Willows
        
        Marijuana #
      - Life cycle contains four types of plants:
        
        Microgametophytes
        
        Megagametophytes
        
        Staminate Sporophytes
        
        Carpellate Sporophytes
      - Related to the word "Dioecious".
    - - Examples include cattails and corn.
      - Staminate flower producers:
        
        Young plants
        
        Plants in poor conditions
      - Condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers.
      - Carpellate flower producers:
        
        Older plants
        
        Plants growing in good conditions
  - - - Has about the same result as asexual reproduction.
      - Practically no new genetic variance happens apart from mutations.
      - If isolated, this may be the optimal form of pollination, propagates genes rather than dies.
    - - Pollination of a carpel by a different individual
      - Cross-pollination results in new combinations of genes.
      - Cross-pollination seems to have evolved to become the dominant form of pollination.