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Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Respiration (Aerobic Respiration (Requires…

- - - - Sucrose
        
        Starch
  - - - No Oxygen=Death
- - - - necessary for mammals to control body temperature
        
        Muscles contract
        
        Releasing of stored energy
- - - - Extract Energy
- - - - Photosynthesis
      - Photoautrophs
    - - Receives energy from herbivores
    - - Receives energy from consuming plants
- - - - Energy is received
- - - - breaking down of glycerol and three fatty acids
        
        Glyoysomes
- - - - Elongated Trachieds
    - - Xylem
      - Phloem
  - - - Primary Xylems
        
        little webbing
        
        Protostele
- - - - Pteridosperms #
        
        Very Tall
  - - - Thick Cortex
- - - - temporarily dependent
      - sporophyte perish
    - - identical
      - Mutations
        
        Improves survival
    - - in soil
        
        cant be reached
      - Megasporophylls
        
        microspores transportation
- - - - lignophytes
- - - - Creation of new cells
        
        Apical Meristems
        
        Cytokineses
    - - Bulbs
      - Corms
  - - - Herbaceous
        
        lives 1 year
        
        Primary Tissues
        
        Epidermis
        
        Single Layer
        
        Barrier
        
        Protects from bacteria
        
        Thin Wall
        
        Guard cells
        
        Radial Arrangement
        
        Cellulose
        
        Micro fibrils
        
        Stoma
        
        Opens during daytime
        
        Allows carbon dioxide to enter
        
        Trichomes
        
        Difficult for animals to interact with
        
        Inner Epidermis
        
        Cortex # #
        
        Homogenous
    - - Woody
  - - - Two leaves per Node
- - - - metabolically active
        
        Remains alive after maturity
    - - Involved in photosynthesis
        
        Numerous Chloroplasts
        
        Thin walls
  - - - Nectar
      - Fragrances
      - Mucilage
      - Resins
- - - - Stops dividing
        
        Deposits a secondary wall
        
        Annular Thickening
        
        Water movement
        
        Helical Thickening
        
        one of three helical's exists as one interior wall
        
        Scalariform
        
        Provides strength
        
        Reticulate
        
        Deposits in the shape of a net
- - - - Sugar is processed
- - - - vertical internodes and fully expands leaves
- - - - Harden
- - - - Eudicots
        
        Undergoes Secondary Growth
      - Monocots
        
        Cannot undergo Secondary growth
        
        Stem Formed After
        
        Stem can become wider #
        
        Some Increase in size
- - - - Horizontal
        
        Flexible
        
        Stable
    - - Photosynthesis #
- - - - Adventitious Roots
        
        Transports and absorbs
        
        Not limited to monocots
- - - - Animal cells burst
  - - - Diffuse and little significance
    - - Do not allow Diffusion
    - - Allow certain substances #
  - - - Energy Atp
        
        Vesicles
- - - - Not water
- - - - interior cells
        
        Necessary Survival
- - - - Prevents Diffusion
- - - - Carbon Dioxide
        
        Organic Molecules
        
        Cells
        
        Tissue #
        
        Organs
      - Minerals
  - - - Heterotrophs
        
        Organic Material #
        
        Used for Energy
        
        Fatty Acids
        
        Built into own Polymers
        
        Sugars
        
        Amino Acids
    - - Photoautotrophs
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        Organic Compounds
        
        Carbon dioxide
        
        Converting of Carbohydrates
        
        ATP
        
        NADPH
        
        Photo System II
        
        1 more item...
        
        Respiration # #
        
        Itself
        
        Another Organism
        
        Self Built
        
        Carbon Dioxide
        
        Water
        
        Various Nitrates
      - Germination # #
        
        Endosperm
  - - - Radiation # #
        
        Quanta
        
        Waves
- - - - light energy
        
        Phosphosphorylation
        
        Respire high energy
      - Energized Pigments
        
        Reactions
        
        Large Molecules
        
        No Mobility
        
        Make several small energetic pigments
    - - Global Climate Change #
        
        #
- - - - Reduced
    - - Increasing
- - - - Epidermis
        
        Cuticle
- - - - Clustered
        
        Cones
        
        Strobili
      - Homosporus
- - - - multicellular
        
        Sporophte
        
        Interpolation Hypothesis
        
        Gametophyte
      - Monobiontic
        
        Zygote
        
        Meiosis
        
        Cannot undergo Mitosis
      - Transformation Theory # #
        
        Larger
        
        More Complex
- - - - Many spores #
- - - - Construction
        
        RNA
  - - - Mutations
        
        incertions
        
        Change hnRNA
        
        Deletions
        
        Not always harmful
        
        Somatic Mutation #
        
        Not passed to offspring
        
        No altered Phenotype
        
        Monohybrid cross #
        
        Single Character
        
        No inheritance
        
        Parental generations
        
        Homozygous
        
        1 more item...
        
        Heterozygous
        
        1 more item...
      - Genotype
        
        Single Individual
      - Phenotype
- - - - Alleles combine
        
        Zygote
      - Chance and Risk
        
        Fitness
        
        Survival
    - - Biparental
        
        transmitted by both parent
        
        Uniparental
        
        mitochondrion genetics
  - - - Same DNA
- - - - Double Helix is cut #
        
        Replicon
        
        Free nucleotides release
        
        Primer RNA
        
        DNA Polymerase
- - - - Two copies
      - all chromosomes align
        
        Homologous chromosomes pair
- - - - Synaptonemal complex
        
        Two ends seperate
- - - - Epistasis
        
        Multiple genes
      - Quantitative Trait Loci
        
        Particular gene
- - - - Time #
        
        Boundaries
        
        )
      - Place
        
        Climate
        
        Geology
  - - - Assemble back to normal
- - - - Time
        
        Boundaries
      - Place
        
        Climate #
        
        Geology
  - - - Assemble back to normal
- - - - Axial System
- - - - Mature
  - - - Vascular Cambium #
        
        Fusiform
        
        long, tapered
        
        Ray Initials
        
        Short, less cuboidal
        
        Grouped together
        
        Anticlinal Walls
        
        Never has large regions
- - - - Early wood
    - - Cuticle thickens
        
        Numerous fibers
- - - - Sapwood
        
        Inner bark
- - - - Lack plasticity
- - - - stem
    - - Petals
      - stamens
      - Sepals
      - Carpels
  - - - difficult to distinguish
    - - Whorls
    - - diverse vegatative bodies
        
        Fabids
        
        Malvids
    - - Lamiids
      - Campanulids
- - - - Vessels
      - Fibers
      - axial parenchyma
- - - - Generalized
- - - - Survive Longer
  - - - Budding
      - runners
        
        Fragmentation
      - One parent
      - not able to be long distance dispersed
    - - Two parents
        
        One sex cell
      - Seeds
      - Diploid adults
        
        Sex organs
        
        Gametes
        
        Sperm
        
        Egg
        
        Zygote
- - - - passes through synergis protoplasm
        
        Embryo
        
        seed
        
        Inflorescene
- - - - Gameotophtye
        
        No
        
        roots
        
        stems
        
        Leaves
        
        Vascular tissue
        
        mitosis
  - - - One sporophyte
      - two gametophytes
- - - - Divide mitotically
        
        Vegetative cell
        
        Generative Cell
      - Pollen tube
        
        Absorbs nutrients
  - - - cytoplasm
      - pulled into microtubles
        
        three nuclei
- - - - Receptacle
        
        Sepals
        
        Modified leaves
        
        thickets and toughest
        
        petals
        
        corolla
        
        few or no fibers
        
        Do not occur in wind pollinating plants
        
        Stamens # #
        
        Androecium
        
        Filament
        
        Anther
        
        Tapetum
        
        Development
        
        Maturity
        
        Carpels
        
        Gynoecium
        
        Stigma
        
        Catches pollen
        
        ovary
        
        megaspores produced
- - - - Gene flow
        
        Different Ways
        
        Pollen Transfer #
        
        Seed dispersal
- - - - Slow Process
    - - New Alleles
        
        Adaptations
        
        Increases Population
        
        Less chance of survival
      - Beneficial
        
        Causes greater number of gametes
    - - cannot adapt
        
        same frequency
        
        gene pool altered
        
        small events
        
        White bunnies dont blend in
        
        Large events
        
        Volcano Eruption
    - - Gene pool changes
        
        survival of fittest
        
        Habitat
        
        Size
        
        Growth
        
        Gender
        
        Mutations
        
        Color
    - - Humans specifically change
        
        selective breeding
        
        Artificial selection
        
        Desired phenotype
- - - - Genetices #
        
        Different alleles
        
        Cross over
- - - - Mesophyll
    - - Palisade Parenchyma
        
        Main photosynthetic Source #
    - - Spongy Mesophyll
        
        Open, loose
- - - - Leaf Blade
        
        Lamina
        
        Lower side
        
        Dorsal Surface
      - Simple
        
        One Blade
      - Compound
        
        Individual Parts
        
        Prevents Tearing
        
        Leaflets
    - - Foliage Leaves
        
        Large Surface
        
        Causes transpiration
    - - Carbon Dioxide absorbed
        
        Carbohydrates are converted
    - - Holds blade from light
    - - Vascular Tissue
        
        Midrib
        
        Lateral veins
        
        Minor Veins
        
        Releases water
        
        Loads Sugars
        
        Changes in size
      - Collect Sugars #
      - Large Viens
        
        bundle sheath extensions
        
        Water moves through Capillaries