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Nervous System (Addie Stendal, Per 4) (cranial nerves (olfactory nerve:…
Nervous System (Addie Stendal, Per 4)
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neuron structure
cell body: nucleus enclosed by perikaryon; contains melanin + lipofuscin; has microtubules + neurofibrils; rough er surrounds nucleus
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function of neuron
chemical synapse: inhibition and excitement of cells thru neurotransmitter (action potential); transferred thru axons, dendrites, and/or synapses
electrical synapse: can only excite a cell; transferred thru axons, dendrites, and/or synapses
drugs + effects on brain
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marijuana: THC mimics anandamide; taken in by receptor, dopamine inhibitory walls taken down; dopamine is released
LSD: binds to serotonin receptors; may inhibit receptors, may excite receptors; complex effects
cocaine: blocks dopamine transporters, forcing dopamine to overstimulate a cell
methamphetamine: mimics dopamine; taken into cell by vesicle, forcing dopamine out; dopamine overstimulates reward pathway
MDMA: confuses serotonin transporters, serotonin is forced out and overstimulates the cell
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neurotransmitters: can be excitatory or inhibitory, direct or indirect
catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine / indolamines: serotonin, histamines
amino acids: glutamate, aspartate, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid
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gastrotransmitters: NO, CO, H2S
diseases + injuries
contusion: a bruise on the brain itself; can cause bleeding + swelling; caused by a hard hit to the head
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cranial nerves
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oculomotor nerve: directing eyeball, raising eyelids, controlling shape of lens
optic nerve: arise from retinas, synapse @ thalamus
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trigeminal nerve: largest cranial nerves (epithalamic, maxillary, mandibular)
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facial nerves: taste, spit glands, facial expression
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glossopharyngeal nerve: swallowing, tasting
vagus nerve: regulates breathing + heart activities; carries impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera
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spinal nerves: C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5
- 31 pairs
- mixed nerves named for point of issue from spinal cord
- supply all of the body except for the brain + neck
- ventral roots contain ventral motor neuron fibers
- dorsal roots contain sensory fibers from dorsal root ganglia
action potential
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repolarization: Na channels are inactivating across cell membrane and K channels open so neuron can be restored to internal negativity
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