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Concepts of Assessment (Feedback (Standards (State standards, school…

- - - - A reliable standard is needed
      - determines the level of achievement of a student at the end of a course of study
- - - - Regular feedback
      - Limitation: Based on a single national standard, does not address school context, data-push
    - - Advantage: Decision-pull, designed to inform the teacher's decision-making
  - - - Normal distribution
      - bell-shaped curve
      - does not mean fixed distribution, except for the first assessment
      - reports on change in students' performance over time
      - reports on change in students' performance compared with their peers
      - rank students
      - a pre-determined distribution of performance
    - - still standardised and objective
      - a pre-determined cut-off score
- - - - biological factors
      - environmental factors
      - socio-economic factors
      - nature of the test
      - balance is needed
      - socio-politics
      - not possible to test aptitude with zero social and cultural context
      - special educational needs
      - personal attitude