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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Structure (Nitrogen Base (Thymine, Adenine,…

- - - - Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
        
        A-T & C-G appear about the same amount
        
        they are hydrophobic = on the inside
    - - has a negative back bone
        
        it is located outside the DNA molecule
  - - - they are anti parallel = they are on opposite sides
- - - - nucleotides then pair up to the templates A-T C-G
      - Semiconservation
        
        parent templates are used to create a complementary one
      - Conservative
        
        parent templates come back together after replicating
      - Dispersive
        
        daughter molecules is made part of the new and old DNA
  - - - the 2 strands are separated by the proteins = Bubble
        
        Replication Fork @ the end of the bubble ( Y )
        
        DNA strands are being unwound (parent)
        
        Helicases (enzymes) cause the double helix to untwist
        
        the strands can the be used as templates
        
        Single strand binding proteins- prevent the strands form re paring
      - Eukaryotic= has more than 1 origin
    - - Primase is an enzyme that creates primer
      - Starts @ the 3' ,5'= RNA Primer
    - - There is 11 of types of polymerases
        
        Pol 111 adds nucleotides to chain
        
        they have a sugar connected to the base & 3 phosphate groups (ATP)
        
        2 phosphates are lost = pyrophosphate
        
        has to add on the 5 to 3 direction
        
        makes the leading strand
        
        uses only 1 primer for the whole thing
        
        Lagging Strand
        
        has to work up its way from the opposite side
        
        is created during segments= Okazaki (not all at once)
        
        a primase is needed for each of the segments
        
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        DNA Ligase
        
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- - - - is determine by the length of the RNA that is being used
    - - synthezises RNA with the info from DNA
        
        mRNA = link between DNA and proteins
        
        only 1 of the strands for a gene is used template strand
        
        Codons are triplets of nucleotides 5'-3'
        
        uses a U instead of an T
        
        it takes genetic info from DNA - protein synthesis
        
        RNA Polymerase
        
        separates DNA strands & gets the RNA nucleotides to pair up with DNA
        
        has to be in 5'-3' and only adds to the 3 end
        
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        promoter upstream
        
        is the starting place for transcription
        
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        RNA polymerase attaches to promoter= strands untwist
        
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        Transcription Factors proteins that make sure that polymerase binds to it = Initiation complex
        
        RNA Pol 11 is used for pre mRAN
        
        RNA processing enzymes @ nucleus tweak pre-mRNA - Cytoplasm
        
        5 cap= Guanine is + to 5' @ the end
        
        Enzyme + adenine to create a Poly-A Tail.
        
        helps the mRNA exit the nucleus& protect them from degradation
        
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      - Primary Transcription
        
        RNA that does not translate into a protein
    - - uses the info from mRNA to make polypeptide
        
        nucleotide to amino acids = Polypeptide
        
        Ribosomes make to the polypeptides by linking the amino acids
        
        Aminoacyl tRNa synthetases bind tRNA to a certain amino acid , Fits only to 1 site of amino acid
        
        codons is transalated into a sequance of amino acids
        
        Transfer RNA translates the info from codons
        
        amino acids @ cytoplasmic - polypeptide in a ribosome
        
        has an amino acid &nucleotide triplet in its structure facilitating it
        
        is a single strand that twist makes it appear as an L
        
        it is 5'-3' the 3 can attache to an amino acid
        
        Anticodon nucleotide triplet = pairs to an mRNa codon (3'-5')
        
        Ribosomal RNAs + proteins make it easier for tRNA & mRNA sites to couple
        
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