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State of Britain by 1922 (Society (middle class (The middle class suffered…
State of Britain by 1922
POLITICAL PARTIES
CONSERVATIVES
KEY EVENTS
- Coalition government
- D.O.R.A
- coupon election
POSITION BY 1922
The coalition government boosted the Conservative party as the people loved Lloyd George so conservatives used him to regain power. By 1922 they were rising in power with their main opposition being labour
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LIBERALS
KEY EVENTS
- Lloyd George’s social reforms
- people’s budget
- parliament act
POSITION BY 1922
By 1922 liberals were divided and severely weakened due to the coalition splitting them apart as a result the liberal were now much less significant and now no longer apart of the top 2 most dominant parties
KEY PEOPLE
- Lloyd George
- winston Churchill
- sir Henry Campbell bennerman
- Joseph chamberlain
- Asquith
LABOUR
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POSITION BY 1922
Labour had significantly rose in power by 1922, overtaking liberals in position and becoming the second most dominant party.
KEY PEOPLE
- Ramsey MacDonald
- Will Thorne
- Keir Hardie
- Arthur Henderson
Economic Situation
Shipping - Britain had built 2 tons of shipping during the war to cope with demands of continual losses to the German u -boats however after 1918 it only needed to produce 0.5 million tons a year
Coal - by 1918 other countries like Poland and Germany were now producing more and were supplying the world markets, additionally electricity and oil were rising and rivalling coal so it was being used less
Steel - Britain’s capacity to produce steel expanded by 50% during the war. However by 1921 it was clear that there had been substantial mover investment and that neither the domestic nor the foreign markets could absorb this quantity of steel
Textiles - overseas markers had been lost during war to japan, India and the USA
Society
middle class
The middle class suffered similar to the upper classes with high income taxes and taxes/ rates on land and housing affecting them negatively and now causing problems for the middle class people.
upper class
Upper class life had changed quite a bit, although many went through the war with ease (with most being delegated as generals) the costs of war affected them heavily. due to government spending drastically increasing how much the upper class was taxed. this resulted in many land estates being sold off, 25% of land holdings were sold between 1917 - 1921
working class
not much had changed for the working class as many of them were killed n the war due to them being picked as foot soldiers - however with the rise of labour they were now getting more rights and life was looking like it was starting to improve.
changing cultures
the war challenged many of societies beliefs and assumptions towards behaviour, morality and religious practice. The stuffe aspects of victorian society loosened during the war and never really returned. however class divisions still remained with upper class people getting better work than those who were working class - even during the war in terms of factory work and soldier positions.
Women
During the war women played a part taking over many of the jobs that were previously done by men, working in factories and making munition with some even going to the fight and nursing soldiers who were injured. The war was good for women in a sense as it showed how they can perform with independence which led to the ex disqualification act which said that women could no longer be barred from a career in law or civil service on basis of their gender. Additionally, in 1918 some women got the right to vote but it wasn't until 1928 that all women could vote
Impact of WW1
The war had a significant impact on the lives of women with many taking war work. although most had to return to their more traditional roles in 1919, the war helped to accelerate the social changes that were already starting in the lives of women. it also helped lead to women over the age of 31 to getting the vote in 1918. the war also challenged cultural assumptions regarding religion, art and claa, though there were no major changes in the latter area. the war fostered patriotic sentiment and conscientious objectors were seen by many as cowards. the impact of life in the trenches led to an outpouring of art and poetry that challenged the idea of pre-1914 of war being glorious. For the miners, the return to private ownership was a betrayal and helped lead the strike of 192.
Ireland
Easter rising
The Easter Rising, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while Britain was fighting the First World War.
results of the uprising
The rising appeared a failure with only 1600 men and women joining the rebels however due to british actions of executing the 7 individuals who signed the proclamation and 8 others, arresting 3000 people suspected of supporting the uprising directly or indirectly, 1800 of these were sent to england and imprisoned with no trial. The harshness of these measure sparked outrage and created a wave of revulsion against British rule - therefore making the uprising a success.
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anglo-irish treaty, 1921
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Ireland become a self governing dominion of the British Empire, known as the Irish free state.
Britain would still be able to use Irish ports as naval bases and would be able to use a range of irish harbours in wartime
The 6 counties of Northern Ireland would continue as part of the UK with their own parliament and administration, though there would be a boundary commission to decide its borders.
The treaty was signed in December 1921. This resolved a major problem in Anglo-Irish relation; Lloyd george called it ‘the greatest day in the history of the British Empire’. However it opened up deep divisions among the nationalists, splitting them into ‘pro’ and ‘anti’ treaties causing a civil war between the two. Additionally the hostility between the North and South would remain
Sinn Fein
Sinn Fein, political party that long was widely regarded as the political wing of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), though from at least the 1990s both organizations emphasized their separateness. Organized in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, Sinn Fein strives for an end to the political partition of the island of Ireland, embodying an ideology that is variously characterized as nationalism and Republicanism.
Bloody Sunday
Three separate but connected events occurred on Bloody Sunday. First came the killings by Michael Collins’s ‘squad’ of twelve British Intelligence agents in their Dublin suburban homes that morning; two auxiliary policemen were also killed. In the afternoon came the killing by British forces of fourteen civilians—including a Gaelic footballer, Michael Hogan, who was playing for Tipperary that day—at Croke Park. Finally, in the evening came the arrest and killing (in somewhat murky circumstances) of two high-ranking Dublin IRA officers, Brigadier Dick McKee and Vice-Brigadier Peadar Clancy. In all, 30 people died within fifteen hours on that fateful day in Dublin.
The assassinations of the British Intelligence officers virtually crippled the intelligence operations of Dublin Castle