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UNIT 3: RESTORATION, LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM (REVOLUTIONS 19th CENTURY…
UNIT 3: RESTORATION, LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
important concepts
LIBERALISM
political ideology
emphasise liberty
origins in Enlightenment
NATIONALISM
political ideology
support people
define themselves as nations
create independent states
RESTORATION
revival after Napoleon
absolute monarchy
Ancien Régime
EUROPE BETWEEN 1815-1870
United States
expanded frontiers
Cultural development
architecture
art
reflected political changes
ROMANTICISM
defeat Napoleon 1815
restoration Ancien Régime in France
people opposed=revolutions
CONGRESS OF VIENA
(1814-1815)
meeting European leaders
agreements
change Europe's borders
two alliances to support monarchs
Quadruple Alliance
Prussia, Russia, Austria and Great Britain
Holly Alliance
Prussia, Russia and Austria
restore absolute monarchy
REVOLUTIONS 19th CENTURY
reactions to political changes
absolute monarchy
Ancien Régime
influences
nationalism
democracy
liberalism
1820
Greece
liberalist and nationalist revolution
independence from Ottoman Empire
Spain & Portugal
liberalist revolution
constitutional monarchy
1830
Belgium
nationalist revolution
independence from The Netherlands
France
liberalist revolution
constitutional monarchy
1848
revolutions in
Austrian Empire
German Confederation
France
only one that succeded
Italy
more radical
demanded democratic reforms
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
help of Garibaldi
conquered the rest of peninsula
Unified Italy
constitutional monarchy
king Victor Emmanuel II & Cavour
expelled Austrians from Lombardy
ended 1871
annexion Rome 1870
became capital
started: Kingdom Piedmont-Sardinia 1859
GERMAN UNIFICATION
Austro-Prussian War 1866
France entered war
lost Alsace and Lorraine
began: Otto von Bismark
conflict with The Netherlands
Second Reich
Wilhem I
LIBERALISM
defends individual freedoms
interests bourgeoisie
political ideology
KEY PRINCIPLES
Constitutional monarchy
Limited male suffrage
Separation of powers
National sovereignty
Freedom of speech and of the press
origins: Enlightenment ideas
LIBERAL POLITICAL PARTIES
RADICAL OR PROGESSIVE LIBERALS
sovereignty only by the people
unrestricted freedom of press and speech
less limited male suffrage
MODERATE LIBERALS
sovereignty shared
monarch & parliament
freedom of speech and press
with prior censorship
very limited male suffrage
NATIONALISM
origins: to be free of Napoleon's empire
KEY PRINCIPLES
Form government preferred by each state
Independent nation-states
National sovereignty
people with same culture
well integrated society
political ideology
supports people define as nations
create own independent states
DEMOCRACY
origins: middle class & working classes
KEY PRINCIPLES
Opposition to monarchy
Universal manhood suffrage
National sovereignty
Political parties against upper classes
defends right of people to vote
U.S. 19th CENTURY
consolidated as sovereign nation
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)
Northern states
against slavery
slavery existed
Southern states
felt threatened
main cause of the conflict
abolition of slavery
Northern states won
slavery abolished
universal manhood suffrage
WESTERN EXPANSION
Wars with native americans
Destruction tribes
Population increased
Other tribes: reservations
ROMANTICISM
artistic and cultural movement
SCULPTURE
desire freedom and independence
PAINTING
idealised people's anguish
during revolutions
characteristics
Respect for the individual
Expressing feelings
Creative freedom for artists
Glorify national history
ARCHITECTURE
glorifying national history
Neogothic