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Chapter 22: Gymnosperms (Division Cycadophyta (Division Cycadeoidophyta:…

- - - - Microphyle
      - Pollen chamber
      - Similar to angiosperm ovules
- - - - Appeared in the Upper Devonian Period
      - Grade not a clade
      - Any woody plants with fern-like foliage that bore seeds
      - Long lived vascular cambium
      - Tracheids were much longer and wider than angiosperms and gymnosperms
  - - - Long shoots
        
        Tiny papery leaves
      - Short shoots
        
        Needles
    - - Pollen cones are simple cones
      - Seed cones are compound cones with cone bracts and ovuliferous scales
      - Reproductive cycle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPfRV8NWkk4
- - - - Protects against oxidative damage by free-radicals
      - Improves vision in gluacoma patients
      - Boosts memory and cognitive functioning