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Unit 1: Green chemistry Mari & Julie (Green chemistry principle (waste…
Unit 1: Green chemistry Mari & Julie
Word Equation
e.g. Copper Sulphate + Zinc --> Copper + Sulphate
Rates of reaction
Initial rate y/x
Mass change over time
Change in volume of CO2
Gas probe
PH probe
Average rate
Endothermic and Exothermic reaction
Energy level diagrams
Bond breaking and bond making
Catalyst
Enzyme
Hydrogen peroxide
Examples of Endothermic reaction
photosynthesis
melting ice
evaporating liquid water
sublimation of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
dissolving ammonium chloride in water
cooking eggs
Examples of Exothermic reaction
rain
respiration
burning sugar
a burning candle
types of chemical reaction
composition reaction
produces a single substance from multiple reactants. A single substance as a product is the key characteristic of the composition reaction.
decomposition reaction
A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which one reactant yields two or more products. The general form for a decomposition reaction is: AB → A + B. Decomposition reactions are also known as analysis reactions or chemical breakdowns.
single displacement reaction
A single-displacement reaction, also known as a single-replacement reaction, is a type of chemical reaction where an element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that compound.
double replacement reaction
A double replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs when two reactants exchange cations or anions to yield two new products. Double replacement reactions are also called double replacement reactions, double displacement reactions, or metathesis reactions.
Combustion
complete combustion
enthalpy change of reaction
incomplete combustion
measuring the heat given off by combustion reaction
q=mc△t
Fuels
fossil fuel
a fuel formed from dead remains of organisms by heat & pressure over millions of year.
crude oil
a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from dead microscopic organisms by heat & pressure over millions of year.
natural gas
a fossil fuel formed from the remains of microscopic dead plants and animals that lived in the sea.
hydrocarbon
a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
non-renewable
any energy formed from dead remains of organism over millions of year.
Electrolyses
Chemical explosions
When oxygen and a combustible fuel like hydrogen combine, an explosive reaction takes place and a large amount of heat and gas is given off creating an explosion. This reaction is so powerful that there is enough energy to power the lift-off of NASA spacecraft.
Redox reaction
Oxidation
Loses electron
Reduction
Gains electron
Prevent rusting
Electroplating
Galvanizing
Paint
Sacrificial (anode) protection
Fermentation vs Hydration of Ethene
Collision theory
Frequency of successful collision, The orientation of the molecules, Activation energy
The collision theory depends on 3 things
The frequency of successful collisions between particles
the orientation of the molecules
Correct order of Placement (face to face) then reactions happens.
activation energy
If Particles collide with less energy than the activation energy, they will not react. the particles will just bounce off each other.
Alcohols
Alcohols are organic molecules with the hydroxyl functional group, which is an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen OH.
Alkanes
Single bond between all C-atoms
CnH2n+2
Alkenes
One (or more) double bonds between [-C=C-]
CnH2n-2
Alkynes
One or more triple bond -C---C- between 2 carbon atoms
CnH2n-2
What factors affect the rate of reaction
Increased Temperature
increased concentration of dissolved reactants, and increased pressure of gaseous reactants.
increased surface area of solid reactants
catalyst
Green chemistry principle
waste prevention
prioritize the prevention of waste, rather than cleaning up and treating waste after it has been created. Plan ahead to minimize waste at every step
Atom economy
Reduce waste at the molecular level by maximizing the number of atoms from all reagents that are incorporated into the final product. Use atom economy to evaluate reaction efficiency
Designing safer chemicals
Minimize toxicity directly by molecular design. Predict and evaluate aspects such as physical properties, toxicity and environmental fate throughout the design process.
Safer solvents and auxiliaries
Choose the safest solvent available for any given step. Minimize the total amount of solvents and auxiliary sutancse used, as these make p a large percentage of the total waste created,
Use of renewable feedstocks
Use chemicals which are made from renewable (i.e. plant based) sources, rather than other, equivalent chemicals originating from petrochemical sources.
Reduce derivatives
minimize the use of temporary derivatives such as protecting groups. Avoid derivatives to reduce reaction steps, resources required, and waste created.
Design for degradation
Design chemicals that degrade and can be discarded easily. Ensure that both chemicals and their degration products are not toxic, bioaccumulative, or environmentally persistent.
Less hazardous chemical synthesis
design chemical reactions and synthetic routes to be as safe as possible. Consider the hazards of all substances handled during the reaction, including waste.
Real time pollution prevention
Monitor chemical reactions in real-time as they occur to prevent the formation and release of any potentially hazardous and polluting substances.
Safer chemistry for accident prevention
Choose and develop chemical procedures that are safer and inherently minimize the risk of accidents. Know the possible risks and assess them beforehand.
Catalysis
Use catalytic instead of stoichiometric reagents in reactions. Choose catalysts to help increase selectivity, minimize waste, and reduce reaction times and energy demands.
Design for energy efficiency
Choose the least energy-intensive chemical route. Avoid heating and cooling, as well as pressurized and vacuum conditions (i.e. ambient temperature & pressure are optimal).