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Functions of the city in the roman empire (economic role (concering…

- - - - charlemagne's kingdom was really huge and coincided with central europe . charlemagne decided to become an emperor and he turns his kingdom into empire and on christmas night 800 pppe leone 111 crowned him in rome . he wanted to strengthen his alliance with charlrmagne and limit the power of the eastern empire in italy he wanted to establish a new universal power in competition with eastern empire . the center power was not strong as in ancient roman empire . it was really fragile
        
        he imporved the schools that were mainly religious schools
        
        he reforms the churches
        
        the vassalage system was a pyramidal society on the other hand it led to political fragmentation .the warrior that had got the lands from the lord often administered power of his own in contrast with the king's authority (Feudal system)
        
        the power of the charlemagne was based on a group of
        aristocratic warriors who were closely conneced (Vassalge)
        
        charlemagne died in 814 , the empire remained a fragile political structure , it was hard to keep so many lands which were different and far from each other . in 840 charkemgne's grandsons fought among themselvs to divide the territories . they eventually reached an agreement in 843 , the empire was divided into three parts
        
        during the 9th century two main areas ofthe carolingian empire became more clearly defined , these areas were marked by strong difference in language ,politics and culture there was a german area and french area
        
        French area
        1) ancient french
        2) many local zones
        
        German area
        1) ancient german
        2) strong central power
        
        at end of 10th century the political fragment increased
        
        the vassalage system (feudal system) that means exchange between a powerfl landlowner (who could be the king) and a person that swore loyalty to him , vasslas had to give military help to their lord and respect his power
        
        rural economy was based on manors that were agriculture holdings ruled by landlowner . manors have two parts : the first one is the lord house , the second part are small houses of the peasants
        
        incursions and invasions ( Sarcans , hungarians and nromans or vikings)
        
        *Otto first(962)*
        
        it was not big as charlmenage empire
        its power was based on the relative political unity of the germanan area.
        otto put the pop elections under the emperor's control before this date the election of the pope was controlled by the powerful arsitocratic groups of rome
        
        the renaissance of the year 1000
        (11th century was turning point) due to several facotrs
        1) better climate conditons , temperature rise ,harvest grew bigger
        2) agriculture improved through some technical innovations one of them was kind of plough(المحراث)
        3) crop rotation (they divided the land into three parts and turn the corp that was called triennial rotation)
        4) it was kind of chain reaction more yields provoked an increase in populations and more people that could work in the fields increases farm production
        then there was overproduction so they can sell surplus ,this lead to a noticeable growth of trading in consequences cities started to sell the surplus
        the main social effect was the rise of the middle class . middle class was formed by traders and craftsmen