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Chapter 9 Flowers and Reproduction, (Sexual Reproduction :green_cross: #…

- - - - identical copies of the parental genes
    - - genetically different
      - sexual reproduction
        
        sex cells of 1 plant
        
        combines w/ those of other
        
        may be one or more
        
        sex cells
        
        many can be produced by a single plant
    - - produced by sexual reproduction
- - - - form on roots
      - and then grow into plants
      - even while the parent plant is still alive
- - - - or sporophyte generation
    - - have in flowers of angiosperms
      - results: HAPLOID SPORES
      - cannot undergo syngamy
        
        each undergo mitosis
    - - plants that produces gametes
    - - sperm cells and large eggs.
  - - - through the style toward ovule
    - - fusion of protoplasts of gametes
    - - fusion of the nuclei
  - - - sepals, petals, stamens. carpels
    - - very end is receptable
    - - thickest, toughest, waxiest
      - lowermost/outermost
      - modified leaves
    - - made up of corolla
      - leaf-like
    - - with in the ovule
- - - - by pollen of different individual
    - - pollination by same flower
      - or by another flower on the same plant
    - - random mutation
  - - - sepals/petals
    - - produce critically important spores
    - - have individuals that produce only staminate flowers and others that produce only carpellate flowers
      - extreme adaptation that ensures cross pollination #
    - - having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers
  - - - must be protected from pollinators
      - some species
        
        primordia crowd together and bases of petals, stamens, sepals fuse
        
        primordia initiated @ receptacle apex
      - adaptations that maximize separation are long styles and stamen filaments
        
        burry ovaries deep w/in flower
      - partially buried ovaries
        
        hal-inferior
        
        perigynous flower parts
  - - - huge numbers of pollen grains must be produced
      - adaptive modifications
      - attracting pollinators unneccesary
        
        save energy
        
        mutations prevent petal advantageous
        
        sepals absent, ovaries need no protection
- - - - collective visual signal to pollinators
- - - - aggregate fruits
        
        carpels of flower not fused
        
        rasberry
      - multiple fruit
        
        all fruits of an inflorescence grow together during maturation