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52 year old female reported recent muscle weakness and inability to…

- - - - raised bumps on surface of cerebrum
    - - small indentations in surface of the cerebrum
    - - divides cerebrum into two halves
    - - anterior to central sulcus
      - Primary motor area
        
        regulates many of body's motor functions
        
        Motor homonculus
        
        contraction of body's skeletal muscles initiated by the neurons here
    - - Posterior to central sulcus
      - Primary sensory area
        
        involving many of body's sensory functions
    - - hearing and smell
    - - visual information
      - visual memories
    - - general sensory functions
    - - motor functions
      - concentration
      - decision making
      - planning
      - personality
    - - memory
      - interpretation of taste
  - - - regulate motor movements and assist with equilibrium
      - Enables smooth, coordinated movements
    - - Made of gray matter
      - prevent unwanted movements
    - - motor neurons in the brain give the directions
        
        skeletal muscles respond to these directions
  - - - protective connective tissue
      - Pia Mater
        
        connected to brain and spinal chord
        
        deepest layer
      - Arachnoid mater
        
        intermediate
      - Dura mater
        
        superficial layer
    - - Dorsal gray horn
        
        region of gray matter posterior in spinal chord and contains interneurons
      - used to visualize white matter, gray matter, and other distinctive features of spinal chord
      - Central canal
        
        middle space containing CSF
      - Ventral root
        
        bundle of motor neurons that travel to muscle and glands
      - White matter funiculi
        
        columns of myelinated axons surrounding the gray matter horns
      - Ventral gray horn
        
        contains motor neurons traveling to skeletal muscles and glands
      - Dorsal root
        
        bundle of sensory neurons
      - Lateral gray horn
        
        autonomic motor neurons
      - dorsal root ganglion
        
        enlargement along the dorsal root of a spinal nerve where sensory neurons are found
      - Dorsal median sulcus
        
        narrow groove on posterior side of spinal chord
      - Ventral median fissure
        
        slightly wider groove on anterior side of spinal chord
    - - spinal nerves that extend off the end of the spinal chord
    - - origin of nerves going to the arm
    - - cone-shaped end of the spinal chord itself
    - - origin of nerves going to the leg
    - - Extension of pia mater that anchors the spinal chord in place
  - - - receive imput from somatic sensory neurons
    - - regulate specific types of effector cells such as smooth muscle, gland cells, and cardiac muscle
    - - Project axons to skeletal muscles
  - - - Info is sent to cerebral cortex
  - - - skeletal muscles respond to these directions
- - - - Frontal Lobe
    - - Parietal Lobe
      - Temporal Lobe
      - Occipital Lobe
      - Insula
  - - - Gray matter
        
        Cell bodies
        
        Dendrites
        
        Unmyelinated axons
        
        Basal nuclei
      - White matter
        
        Myelinated axons
    - - Pia mater
      - Arachnoid mater
        
        Subarachnoid mater
      - Dura mater
    - - Dorsal gray horn
      - Central canal
      - Ventral root
      - White matter funiculi
      - Ventral gray horn
      - Dorsal root
      - Lateral gray horn
      - Dorsal root ganglion
      - Ventral median fissure
  - - - Upper
      - Lower
    - - 2nd order
  - - - Spinothalamic Tract
        
        1st order
        
        Dorsal gray horn
        
        2nd order
        
        Lateral spinothalamic tract
        
        Anterior spinothalamic tract
        
        3rd order
        
        Cerebrum
      - Spinocerebellar Tract
        
        1st order
        
        Dorsal root ganglion
        
        2nd order
        
        spinocerebellar tract
        
        3rd order
        
        Cerebellum
    - - 1st order
        
        Sensory neuron
      - 2nd order
        
        interneuron
      - 3rd order
        
        interneuron
  - - - Corticospinal Tract
        
        Upper motor neuron
        
        Brain
        
        Brainstem
        
        Lower motor neuron
        
        Synapse with muscle
        
        Direct motor tract
      - Vestibulospinal Tract
        
        Upper motor neuron
        
        Pons-medulla junction
        
        Lower motor neuron
        
        intercostal and segmental back muscles
        
        Indirect motor tract
    - - Motor neuron
        
        Upper
        
        Lower
  - - - Motor homonculus
- - - - surgically created hole at the front of the neck leading to the trachea