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52 year old woman with ALS (Downstream (effect speech (begins with word…
52 year old woman with ALS
Indirect
5-10% is heredity, could be genetics, too
people older than 40 are more prone to this disease
being apart of the military can expose you to certain metals or chemicals, traumatic injuries, viral infections, and intense exertion that may lead to ALS
Direct
motor neurons have become smaller/weaker
causes those neurons to die
symtoms will effect muscle movement
Downstream
effect speech
begins with word slurring, can turn into more serious issues
may use communication technologies in order to help communication
trouble eating
damaged muscles that control swallowing
can lead to malnutrition and dehydration
liquids or saliva may enter the lungs which could cause pneumonia
treatment would include a feeding tube
Breathing problems
will paralyze the muscles that are used to breathe
treatments include: CPAP, BiPAP, tracheostomy,
respiratory failure is most common cause of death with ALS
dementia
effects memory and decision-making, may lead to frontotemporal dementia
Muscle issues
symptoms include: stiff muscles, muscle twitching, and muscle weakness
certain muscle problems can lead to death
no cure for this disease
Background
cerebrum
pre central= primary motor area, regulates motor functions
post central= primary sensory area, involved in sensory functions
occipital lobe= visual info
parietal lobe= general sensory functions
frontal lobe= motor function/ personality
temporal= hearing and smell
insula= taste
cerebrum
covered in gyri and sulci
pre central= anterior to central sulcus
post central= posterior to central sulcus
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
insula
spinal cord
white matter= myelinated axons
gray matter= neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
pia mater (attached to spinal cord)
arachnoid mater (middle layer)
dura mater (most superficial)
central canal= middle contains CSF
Ventral root= motor neurons
white matter=surrounds gray matter horns
ventral gray horn= gray matter, skeletal muscles, cell bodies of motor neurons
dorsal median sulcus= narrow groove on the posterior side of the spinal cord
ventral median sulcus= slightly wider groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord
dorsal gray horn= interneurons
dorsal root ganglion= enlargement along the dorsal root, sensory neurons
dorsal root= sensory neurons that enter the posterior side of the spinal cord
gray matter= neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
Ascending vs Descending Tracts
Ascending= sensory, collect info
3 neurons:
1st order= receptors & brings info to spinal cord (sensory)
2nd order= interneuron in dorsal horn (sends the message)
3rd order= neuron in thalamus that connects with the cerebral cortex (sorts it, gets it to the right place)
EXAMPLE: spinothalamic tract: starts in spine/ spinal cord, ends in thalamus
Descending= motor, gives directions
2 neurons:
upper motor neuron
in the brain or brainstem
lower motor neuron
synapse with the muscle (neuromuscular junction)
EXAMPLE: Corticospinal Tract: starts in cortex *(pre central gyrus) outside of the brain. The message will come from the brain, the pre central gyrus has a map, will tell the correct muscle what to do.
The process of movement
Pre central gyrus
has a "map" of the body, motor homunculus (map of everything in your body). It is the primary motor area
basal nuclei
removes unwanted movement, provides smooth muscle movements
cerebellum
regulate motor movement and assists with equilibrium
descending spinal cord tracts
sends the info from the brain to the neuromuscular junction for the proper movement