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Course Mind Map, Genetics (Monohybrid cross (Single trait is analyzed,…
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Genetics
Monohybrid cross
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Mendel's monohybrid cross
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Lethal alleles
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Affects: Respiration, DNA replication, Cellulose synthesis, or structure of histones
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Replication fork
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1,000 nucleotides per sec
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Punnet square for selfing of Tt plants
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Transport Processes
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Guard cells
The opening and closing of stromatal pores #
Specialized cells in epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that control gas exchange
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Stroma pores opened and closed
Pressure flow hypothesis #
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The cuticle (Pink) composed of cutin is a waterproof epidermal layer that acts as an isolation mechanism
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Inner cells connected by plasmodesmata #
Roots
Taproot
Largest; most central, most dominant
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Prop roots
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Adventitious roots
Fibrous root system
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Fibrous root system vs. Taproot
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Xylem
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Metaxylem and Protoxylem
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Young lateral root of willow (Salix) was initiated in pericycle; next to mass of protoxylem.
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Biomes
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Cambrian period
No life on land , all life aquatic
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Southern hemisphere
Gondwanaland
South America, Africa , India, Australia, and Antartica
Mesozoic Era
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Caytoniales, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta
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Tundra
Alpine
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Plants in the Alpine Tundra biome face short, cold growing seasons and often, snow is never gone from the shaded areas below the cliff.
Flat meadows, shallow alpine marshes #
Arctic
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Bogs, ponds, and shallow lakes are common
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Permafrost prevents water from seeping into the soil and the area is so flat that the runoff is slow. Arctic tundra is marshy and wet when not frozen solid.
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Continental drift of plates
Main Biomes in the world
Leaves
Succulent leaves
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Leaves of Senicio Rowleyanus are spherical shape giving them an optimal surface-to-volume ratio for conserving water
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Compound leaf
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Small leaflets
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Doubly compound leaf of Mimosa . The central rachis bears numerous leaflets
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Mesophyll
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Layer of Palisade Parenchyma on top. Spongy Mesophyll on bottom layer of leaf Laurelia .
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Nonvascular plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Nonvascular plants
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Clubmosses, scouring rushes, ferns
Spermatophytes
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Cycads, Conifers, Angiosperms
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Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Characteristics of non vascular plants #
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Composed of true parenchyma derived by three-dimensional growth, usually from apical meristems
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The numerous plate-like structures are gametophytes of a hornwort, Phaeoceros.
Gametophyte Generation: Mosses #
Gametophores
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Leaves are aligned in three rows, and most have a midrib
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Underside of leaf is capable of absorbing water directly from rain, dew, fog
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Hydroids, Leptoids and Parenchyma.
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Foot
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Absorbs sugars, minerals, and water
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Peristome teeth
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Respond to humidity, bending outward and opening the sporangium when the air is dry
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Life cycle of a moss.
Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts #
Gametophyte generation
Leafy Liverworts
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Gametangia mixed with regular leaves or positioned on specialized side branches and surrounded by modified leaves
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Both gametophyte stage initiate when spores germinate and establish a small temporary protonematal phase
Leafy vs. Thallose
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Flowers and reproduction
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Oogamous plants
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Alternation Generations
Flower structure
Sepals
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Modified leaves, that surround and enclose other flower parts as they mature
Thickest, toughest, waxiest of the flower parts
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Bumblebees considered nectar robbers.
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leaf like: broad,flat,and thin
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Flower parts: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
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Inflorescence
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Able to control timing: initiation, maturation, and opening of flowers
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Seed plants 1
Pines
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Thick cuticle, sunken stomata, cylindrical shape
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In seed cones of pine, all parts are fused together; even the bract is fused to the ovuliferous scale.
Archaeopteridales
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Abundant wood, secondary phloem
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Earliest seed ferns
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Seed ferns bore seeds along their leaves not in cones.
Conifers
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Never vines, herbs, or annuals and never have bulbs or rhizomes
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Conifer leaves needle like here.
Aneurophytales
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Aneurophyton, Protopteridium, Proteokalon, Tetraxylopteris, Triloboxylon, Eospermatopteris
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Community Ecology
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Community
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Succession
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Example: Climax community
Maximum sustained yield
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Many plants such as this Tillandsia Rothii are still collected from the wild. For some species the numbers of plants collected each year is low that the collection does not significantly affect the population numbers. But others are so popular and have been collected in such high numbers that collection was a significant threat and now all collection of many species is banned: There is a fixed quota of zero.
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Optimal foraging theory
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Optimal diet model
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Predator should be more successful by broadening its diet to include prey that are lower in energy if they are abundant and easy to handle
Some prey items will always be eaten if they are encountered, others will never be eaten even if easy to obtain
Probability of a particular plant to be eaten depends partially on the abundance of other plants that are easy to handle and have higher value: less profitable will be ignored if more profitable prey is available
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