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Seed Plants without Flowers (Cycadophyta: Cycads (leaves (pollen cones…
Seed Plants without Flowers
Progymonosperms
develop megaphyllous leaves
Aneurophytales
shrubs to large trees
vascular cambium
secondary growth
primary xylem
protostele
Archaeopteridales
up to 8.4m tall
abundant wood
secondary phloem
reproduction is heterosporous
seeds
integument
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project upward
microphyle
hole for sperm to swim through
Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
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evolved from aneurophytales
xylem and phloem
seed fern wood
manoxylic
soft and less dense
megasporangium
attached integument at base
all extinct
Cycadophyta: Cycads
similar to seed ferns internally
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tracheids are long and wide
rays are massive
leaves
do not have ovules
seed cones
pollen cones
contain microsporophylls
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100 species
Coniferophyta: Conifers
wood lacks vessels
phloem
lacks sieve tubes
cones
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pollen
simple cones
bears microsporophylls
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seed
compound
axillary bud
ovuliferous scale
pines
monopodial
wood
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composed of tracheids
shoot
long shoots
tiny papery leaves occur here
short shoots
long needle leaves
xeromorphic characteristics
Cycadeoidophyta: Cycadeoids
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almost identical to cycads
however cones contain both
microsporophylls
megasporophylls
Ginkgophyta: Maidenhair Tree
wood
like conifers
lack vessels and axial parenchyma
leaves
dichotomously branched veins
short and long shoots
reproduction
dioecious
gymnospermous
Gnetophyta
broad leaves
dicot
pollen cones
compound
enigmatic
Gnetum
mostly vines or small shrubs
broad leaves
dicot
Ephedra
tough shrubs and bushes
leaves are reduced and scale-like
Welwitschia mirabilis
rare
found only in deserts of south Africa
or cultivation
gymnosperms
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vessels in wood
