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ALS (Background (Cerebrum (Central sulcus separates the frontal and…

- - - - Small indentations in the surface of the cerebrum
    - - Raised bumps on the surface of the cerebrum
    - - The precentral gyrus is found anterior to the central suclus.
        
        The location of the primary motor area of the brain which regulates many of the body's motor function.
        
        The precentral gyrus commands voluntary movements of skeletal muscles within the body.
        
        It is a small section of the brain that enables all bodily movement after receiving signals from another area of the brain.
        
        The precentral gyrus is also referred to as the primary motor area or primary motor cortex, although is most commonly identified as the motor strip.
        
        It is located in the frontal lobe and on both sides of the brain.
        
        The planning of movements occurs in various areas of the frontal lobe, but all information is sent to the motor strip prior to performance.
        
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      - The postcentral gyrus is found posterior to the central sulcus
        
        The location of primary sensory area of the brain, which involves many of the body's sensory functions.
    - - known as the cerebral hemispheres
  - - - The 2nd order neuron, which is the interneuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
        
        The 3rd order neuron, which is the neuron in the thalmus that connects with the cerebral cortex
  - - - Dura mater is the most superficial, arachnoid, then pia is the deepest
    - - Parts of the spinal cord filled with neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons called gray matter
        
        Dorsal Gray horn is the region of the gray matter posterior to the spinal cord and contains cell bodies and interneurons
        
        Interneurons process/ intergrates sensory impulses then predicts the correct motor response
        
        Processing temperature and processing how full your stomach is
        
        Ventral Root is a bundle of the motor neurons that leaves the anterior side of the spinal cord to travel to muscle and glands
        
        Lateral Gray Horn is the region of the gray matter is lateral in the spinal cord; it has autonomic motor neurons
        
        Transmits the motor impulses from the CNS to the effector
        
        Visceral motor neurons smooth muscles/cardiac muscles
        
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        Transmits the motor impulses from the CNS to the effector
        
        Ventral gray horns is the region of gray matter anterior in the spinal cord & contains the cell bodies of motor neurons traveling to the skeletal muscles and glands
        
        Motor neurons transmits the motor impulses from the CNS to the effector
        
        Somatic motor neurons skeletal muscles
        
        Moving fingers
    - - Open space contains CSF
    - - Transmits the sensory impulses to the Central Nervous System
        
        detects touch sensations
  - - - Descending tracts have two neurons
        
        The upper motor neuron, which is in the brain a or brain stem.
        
        The lower motor neuron, which is the neuron that synapses with the muscle
  - - - that determine the best possible response in a given situation (e.g., using the hands to catch a ball or using the feet to run).
        
        They also process information related to emotions, motivations, and cognitive functions.
        
        Basal ganglia dysfunction is associated with a number of disorders that influence movement including Parkinson's disease.
- - - - Weakness in leg and ankles
        
        Physical therapy can enhance a person's independence and safety
        
        Strengthen unaffected muscles. Range-of-motion and stretching exercises can help prevent painful spasticity and shortening (contracture) of muscles
        
        Help with pain and mobility and the use of equipment such as braces or a wheelchair which can help prolong independence
        
        Muscle relaxers and pain medication
  - - - Muscle cramps and twitching in arms and shoulders
        
        Occupational therapists can suggest devices such as ramps, braces, walkers, and wheelchairs that help people conserve energy and remain mobile.
        
        OT can train the patient’s primary caregivers on dressing, transferring, and toileting techniques for the patient.
        
        OT can also teach energy conservation techniques, which become more critical as fatigue increases with disease progression.
        
        Energy conservation techniques can help optimize daily tasks in a way that they require less energy.
        
        The occupational therapist focuses on doing the routines that are necessary and saving energy for more meaningful activities.
        
        Occupational Therapy is the art and science of the upper limb, which includes the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand
  - - - Slurred speech or trouble swallowing
        
        Muscle cramps and twitching in tongue
        
        Develop malnutrition and dehydration from damage to the muscles that control swallowing.
        
        Higher risk of getting food, liquids or saliva into the lungs, which can cause pneumonia.
        
        A feeding tube can reduce these risks and ensure proper hydration and nutrition
        
        Speech therapy can help with swallowing, which will increase the pleasure of eating.
        
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    - - Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) to assist with your breathing at night.
        
        Tracheostomy a surgically created hole at the front of the neck leading to the trachea for full-time use of a respirator that inflates and deflates their lungs.
        
        The most common cause of death for people with ALS is respiratory failure
- - - - The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually lead to their death.
        
        When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost.
        
        With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed
  - - - Most people with ALS have a form of the condition that is described as sporadic, which means it occurs in people with no apparent history of the disorder in their family.
        
        People with sporadic ALS usually first develop features of the condition in their late fifties or early sixties
    - - A small proportion of people with ALS, estimated at 5 to 10 percent, have a family history of ALS or a related condition called frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
        
        Which is a progressive brain disorder that affects personality, behavior, and language
        
        The signs and symptoms of familial ALS typically first appear in one's late forties or early fifties.
        
        Rarely, people with familial ALS develop symptoms in childhood or their teenage years. These individuals have a rare form of the disorder known as juvenile ALS