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HPAI - H5N1 (Characteristics of virus causing HPAI - H5N1 (Avian Influenza…

- - - - Dead birds, <24Hrs
      - Sick birds ( Conjunctivities, Resp. distress, oedema, cyanosis of comb & wattles )
      - Normal birds that made direct contact
    - - Tracheal swab
      - Faecal specimen
      - Cloacal swab
      - Blood sample
    - - Tracheal & Cloacal swab
      - Abnormal tissues of spleen, trachea and lungs ( must be frozen immediately )
    - - Faecal from cages or wild birds
      - Drinking water of birds
      - Soil where birds have access to
- - - - cause pro-inflammatory cytokine response
        
        TNF-a
        
        IL-6
      - activates alveolar macrophages and monocytes
    - - bind to HA proteins
        
        NKp44 receptor
        
        NKp46 receptor
      - destroy infected cells
        
        bound to Fc portion of antibodies
    - - initiate adaptive immunity
        
        present to naive/memory T cells
      - acquired antigen by
        
        direct infected
        
        phagocytosis of viral particles
  - - - HA-specific antibodies
        
        inhibit virus attachment
        
        facilitate virus phagocytosis
      - NA-specific antibodies
        
        inhibit enzymatic activity
        
        facilitate ADCC
      - Mucosa; tissues
        
        IgA & IgM
        
        neutralizing virus
        
        no entry
        
        no replication
      - mostly IgM in primary responses
    - - CD4 T cell
        
        Th1
        
        involves CMI responses
        
        produce
        
        IFN-gamma
        
        IL-2
        
        Th2
        
        stimulate B cell responses
        
        induce IL-4 and IL-13 production
      - CD8 T cell
        
        activated in lymph nodes
        
        migrate to infection site
        
        detect virus
        
        eliminate virus via lysis
        
        facilitate by perforin and granzymes
        
        apoptosis via Fas/FasL