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Queer Modernisms (New York (Love - Feeling Backwards (feeling backwards…

- - - - it's possible to have a relationship with the past without being destroyed by it
      - "I pay particular attention to feelings such as nostalgia, regret, shame, despair, resentment... These feelings are tied to the experience of social exclusion and the historical 'impossibility' of same-sex desire" (Love, 4).
  - - - inversion defines individual identities; ethnic models encompass communities
      - caught in the middle because they express a desire to feel historical
        
        because there is no community in this historical moment, texts construct community by constructing history
      - "... imagining, on one hand, an exile from sanctioned experience, most often rendered as the experience of participation in family life and the life of communities and, on the other, a reunion with some people or sodality who redeem this exile and surpass the painful limitations of the original home" (Nealon, 1-2).
  - - - manipulation of traditional gender roles in Irene and Brian's relationship
      - subversion and suppression of desires
        
        Brian's desire to uproot, for example
      - Irene and Claire's mutual obsession
    - - one would pass to gain advantage/agency/power in society
      - typically, people "pass" as white because that group is the more advantaged group; one would not want to pass as a lesser race
      - who can pass? fair-skinned people of color
      - in this context, applies to race
  - - - trade - a heterosexual man who engaged in homosexual acts, presents as an aggressive, masculine type
        
        when gay liberation occurs, the "trade" category disappears and people avoid trade behavior to avoid being labeled as homosexual
      - gay - at first was attached to places and not people, used primarily within the gay community
      - fairies - men who have effeminate presentation
      - invisibility - comes from who's writing history; it's important to know where to look
      - balls - people of color, especially in reference to drag
    - - invisibility - "even if a gay world existed, it was kept invisible and remained difficult for isolated gay men to find" (Chauncey, 3).
      - internalization - "gay men uncritically internalized the dominant culture's view of them as sick, perverted, and immoral, and that their self-hatred led them to accept the policing of their lives rather than resist it" (Chauncey, 5).
      - isolation - "anti-gay hostility prevented development of extensive gay subculture and forced gay men to lead solitary lives in the decades before the rise of the gay liberation movement" (Chauncey, 2)
- - - - utterly pervasive
      - queerness has as much to do with gender and sex as sexuality
        
        performance component of identity
      - passed from hand to hand
        
        "... queer material was often circulated at great personal risk in manuscript" (Kahan, 356)
      - perpetual motion
        
        evasion of the law
        
        identity and orientations change
    - - "... these trials did not make homosexuality and lesbianism fully legible for the general populace and for queer men and women" (Kahan, 353).
    - - "Decadent writing expands and reconfigures the institution of literature to encompass same-sex desire and pleasure" (Kahan, 351).
    - - "This new sexual science helped judges and other members of the legal establishment to negotiate sexual deviance and to shift sex away from the sphere of religious moral judgment" (Kahan, 348).
      - creation of new sexual subjectives
- - - - queerness can apply to everyone, everyone is queer in some way
    - - people are born queer and only the people with deviant traits share an interest in them
- - - - existing stereotype that used to describe heterosexuals more than homosexuals
      - characterized by excess, whether in sexual pleasures, luxuries, emotion
      - "The survival and interplay of these different notions of effeminacy may help explain the persistent sexual ambiguity that attaches, even today, to predominantly male institutions" (Halperin, 94).
    - - considered honorable and equal because it was removed from gendered hierarchy
      - "Friendship, by contrast, is all about sameness: sameness of rank and status, sameness of sentiment, sameness of identity. It is this very emphasis... that distances the friendship tradition, in its original social and discursive context, from the world of sexual love" (Halperin, 101).
    - - about hierarchy and commitment to each other
      - perceived masculinity attached to preference for penetrating vs. being penetrated
    - - conceptualization of woman trapped in a man's body or vice versa
      - "psychological orientation without a sexuality" (Halperin, 108)
      - inversion =/= homosexuality
    - - psychological condition
      - "'Homosexuality' simply referred to a sexual drive directed toward persons of the same sex as the sex of the person who was driven by it" (Halperin, 109).
      - identity, categorical tool
  - - - the narrator of the story is the biographer - ambiguity in gender of biographer mirrors Orlando's ambiguous gender
      - loosely based on Woolf's lover Vita Sackville West
      - challenges traditional biography by transcending centuries; time fluidity mirrors gender fluidity
    - - first encounter with her own new gender
      - freedom from traditional male desires; more time for contemplation, emotion, love
      - In terms of Butler's perspective, gender is a performative identity, there is no biological sex that preexists gender, and gender is retrospectively determined
      - In de Beauvior's perspective, one becomes a woman through socialization
      - Western culture values gender divide
- - - - Robin Vote
        
        inability to maintain committed relationships, transient, lack of belonging
        
        "Such a woman is the infected carrier of the past: before her the structure of our head and jaws ache—we feel that we could eat her, she who is eaten death returning, for only then do we put our face close to the blood on the lips of our fore fathers (Barnes, 60).
      - Jenny Petherbridge
        
        "She writhed under the necessity of being unable to wear anything becoming, being one of those panicky little women who, no matter what they put on, look like a child under penance" (Barnes, 99).
      - Dr. O'Connor
        
        All he wishes for is “children and knitting,” “to boil some good man’s potatoes and toss up a child for him every nine months” (Barnes 132-133).
        
        He is a source of advice, a person that people are drawn to.
        
        discomfort in society, feels like he was born in the wrong body
      - Baron Felix
        
        false aristocracy, Jewish heritage
        
        father to a son who is strange, sickly, fails to fit in