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Seed Plants II: Angiosperm (Concepts (Double fertilization: this process…
Seed Plants II: Angiosperm
Classification of Flowering plants
Basal Angiosperm: Contain the living descendants of
several groups that originated while angiosperms were still a young clade.
Eudicots: Are much more diverse and include a grater
number of families, genera, and species, have two cotyledons and reticulate venation in the leaves, vascular
bundles occur in only one ring in the stem, can be woody, herbaceous, or succulent or have any of many highly modified forms
Basal Eudicots: Several hamamelid families are now believed to
be basal eudicots rather than basal angiosperms
Santalales: Small order of highly modified plants, most of which
are parasitic.
Caryophyllales: DNA- based studies have combined a large
number of families into a group
Rosid Clade: Consists of many families that, taken as a whole,
are so diverse with respect to vegetative body, flowers,
Asterid Clade: Most derived large clade of eudicots, which
contains plants such as sunflower, periwinkle, petunia, and morning glory.
Monocots: Have only one cotyledon on each embryo, their
leaves usually have parallel veins because the leaves are elongate and strap shaped, vascular bundles are distributed
throughout the stem, not restricted in one ring , monocots never have ordinary secondary growth and wood, Flowers of
monocots have their parts arranged in groups
Asparagales: This is a large clade with many families, species,
and types of biology. By examining this clade, we get a sense of evolution as diversification
Dioscoreales: Has only one family, Dioscoreaceae, and is
mentioned because it has a familiar, important food crop and unusal morphology
Lillales: As a large group with many highly derived families; it
was basically defines as the "petaloid" monocots- those with large, colorful flowers
Commelinoid monocots: Four orders of monocots are known as
the commelinoid monocots because they differ from the others in several unusual synapomorphies: They have unique types of
epicuticular wax. Walls have unusual types of hemicelluloses and ultraviolet-fluorescent compounds
Arecales: Contain familiar plants, the palms, in family Arecaceae.
Leaves of palms always occur only near the shoot apex
Poales: This order contains the grass family Poaceae as well as
several other familiar groups such as cattails, bromeliads
Zingiberales: This order contains some of the most familiar of all
house plants; Maranta, Calathea, canna lilies, and gingers, as well as some that are best known in the warmer southern statesbanana and bird-of-paradise.
Alismatales: Contains many aquatic herbs such as Sagittaria and
many aquarium plants such as Hydrocharis, Najas, and Hydrilla Most found in swamps and marshes, partly or entirely
submerged
Concepts
Double fertilization: this process is universal in flowering
Magnoliophyta: Often called the Angiospermophyta, as the
most advanced group of plants, or the most derived; occasionally, they are called the peak of plant evolution
Secondary Vesselless: The group that arose after vessels
had originated but then these groups lost them.
Angiosperm Carpels: The edges od sporophyll primordia
crowd against each other and grow shut, sometimes leaving a visible suture, sometimes closing so completely that no
sign of a seam remains called closed carpels
Pistil: the fusion of the carpels into a single structure
: That they lacked vessels because
their ancestors lacked them
Sympetally: Fusion of petals into one structure
Zygomorphy: Flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical, not
radially symmetrical
Changing Concepts About Early Angiosperm:
Seemed reasonable because these species tend to be large trees with dense wood, their flowers are
small and simple, usually without sepals and petals.
Ranalean Flower
