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Patient with ALS (Downstream Effects (Eating Problems (Therapy), Breathing…

- - - - Ventral Gray Horn
      - Three Meninges
        
        Arachnoid Mater
        
        Dura Mater
        
        Pia Mater
      - Dorsal Gray Horn
      - Lateral Gray Horn
      - Ventral Root
      - Dorsal Root
      - Ventral Root Ganglion
      - White Matter Funiculi
      - Dorsal Root Ganglion
      - Dorsal Median Sulcus
      - Ventral Median Fissure
      - Central Canal
    - - White Mater
        
        Myelinated Neurons
      - Gray Mater
        
        Unmyelinated Neurons
      - Sensory
        
        Dorsal Root
      - Motor
        
        Ventral Root
    - - Lobes
        
        Occipital Lobe
        
        Temporal Lobe
        
        Parietal Lobe
        
        Insula
        
        Frontal Lobe
      - Central Sulcus(which separates)
        
        Precentral Gyrus: Anterior to central sulcus
        
        Postcentral Gyrus: Posterior to central sulcus
      - Covering
        
        Gyri
        
        Sulci
    - - Role of Basal Nuclei
      - Ascending Tracts
      - Role of Precentral Gyrus
      - Descending Tracts
      - Cerebellum
    - - Consists of Sensory Neurons
        
        2nd Order
        
        3rd Order
        
        1st Order
      - Travels upward
    - - Consists of Motor Neurons
        
        Lower Motor Neuron
        
        Upper Motor Neuron
        
        In the brain
      - Travels downward
    - - Axon Hillock
      - Axon
      - Dendrites
      - Synaptic End Bulbs
      - Cell Body
    - - Spinothalamic Tract
        
        Starts in spinal cord and ends in the thalamus
        
        Lateral and Anterior tracts
        
        1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons
      - Spinocerebellar Tract
        
        Does not go to the thalamus
        
        Has no 3rd order neuron
    - - Vestibulospinal Tract
        
        Indirect Motor Tract
        
        Started in the spinal cord
      - Corticospinal Tract
        
        Direct Motor Tract
        
        Upper and Lower Motor Neuron
  - - - Motor
        
        React to outside information
      - Unmyelinated
        
        Slower messages
      - Sensory
        
        Collect outside information
      - Myelinated
        
        Helps messages flow faster
    - - Axon Hillock
        
        region where the plasma membrane generates nerve impulses;
      - Axon
        
        Nerve impulses are generated in the axon and transmitted away from the cell body towards the synapse
      - Dendrites
        
        help in conveying incoming messages towards the cell body
      - Synaptic End Bulbs
        
        where Ca2+ enters to cause vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release
      - Cell Body
        
        major biosynthetic center
    - - Central Sulcus
        
        Separates Postcentral Gyrus and Precentral Gyrus
        
        Postcentral Gyrus
        
        the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch
        
        Precentral Gyrus
        
        responsible for controlling voluntary motor movement on the body's contralateral side
      - Lobes
        
        Occipital
        
        visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation
        
        Temporal
        
        vision, memory, sensory input, language, emotion, and comprehension
        
        Parietal
        
        processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics
        
        Insula
        
        basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control
        
        Frontal
        
        emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors
      - Covering
        
        Sulci
        
        They increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex and they form brain divisions
        
        Gyri
    - - Basal Nuclei
        
        control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion
      - Ascending Tracts
        
        Goes from fingers to brain
      - Precentral Gyrus
        
        controls the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
      - Descending Tracts
        
        Goes from brain to muscle
      - Cerebellum
        
        posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity
    - - Ventral Root Ganglion
        
        contains axons of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to other parts of the body such as the muscles
      - Dorsal Root Ganglion
        
        relay sensory neural messages from the periphery to the central nervous system
      - Dorsal Root
        
        transmits sensory information, forming the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve
      - White Matter Funiculi
        
        houses many different tracts
      - Ventral Root
        
        contains outgoing, efferent fibers that carry information destined to control motor or glandular function
      - Dorsal Median Sulcus
        
        separates the two posterior funiculi and is the external boundary of the posterior median septum
      - Lateral Gray Horn
        
        receives input from brain stem, organs, and hypothalamus
      - Ventral Median Fissure
        
        midline of the spinal cord that incompletely divides it into symmetrical halves
      - Ventral Gray Horn
        
        carry both ascending information about pain and temperature, and descending motor information
      - Central Canal
        
        the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs along the length of the entire spinal cord
      - Dorsal Gray Horn
        
        receives several types of sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration
      - Three Meninges
        
        Arachnoid Mater
        
        middle layer includes a network of fibers and collagen that are part of the suspension system that helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact
        
        Dura Mater
        
        surrounds and supports the dural sinuses
        
        Pia Mater
        
        protect the central nervous system by containing the cerebrospinal fluid
    - - Travel upward
        
        Brings sensory messages to brain
      - Neurons
        
        2nd Order Neuron
        
        Interneuron in dorsal horn
        
        Translates message from 1st order to 3rd order
        
        3rd Order Neuron
        
        In the thalamus and connects to the cerebral cortex
        
        1st Order Neuron
        
        Brings information to the spinal cord
    - - Lower Motor Neuron
        
        Synapses with muscle
        
        Brings message for muscle contraction
      - Travels downward
        
        Brings message from brain to muscles
      - Upper Motor Neuron
        
        Upper synapses with lower
        
        Brings message from brain to lower neuron
- - - - Contracted it from past family members
    - - Motor Neurons die over time