Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The female patient is a former military veteran and is believed to have an…

- - - - this causes an inability to send signals to the brain or the muscles
      - can lead to communication problems
        
        treatment; patient may need to use other communication technologies
  - - - as a result of weakening of the muscles the patient trips and hurts her knee
        
        the patient may have a bruise/ scrape on her knee.
        
        If it is worse she may have fractured her patella after the fall
        
        the patient may brake bones or tear muscles in the future if deterioration of neurons continues
        
        if deterioration progresses this may lead to paralysis
        
        treatment 1: the patient can see an occupational or physical therapist to practice performing daily activities
        
        treatment 2: Edaravone and Riluzole are both drugs known to increase lifespan and decrease the decline in daily functioning
      - the patient may have difficulty swallowing
        
        treatment: the patient may have to use a feeding tube to receive proper nutrition
  - - - lack of oxygen in the body and exhalation of carbon dioxide may result in death
        
        treatment: the patient can use a device at night that would help them breathe such as a CPAP or a BiPAP
    - - this can cause pneumonia
        
        treatment: the patient may have to use a feeding tube to receive proper nutrition while also preventing pneumonia
- - - - in the primary motor area of the brain that regulates many of the body's motor functions
    - - in the primary sensory area of the brain that is involved in many of the body's sensory functions
    - - divides the cerebrum into 2 halves that separate the right side of the brain from the left
    - - the area of the cerebrum that process visual information and stores visual memories
    - - this area of the cerebrum is involved with general sensory functions
    - - this area of the cerebrum is involved with motor functions, concentration, decision making, planning and personality
    - - this area of the cerebrum is responsible for processing the senses of hearing and smell
    - - this area of the cerebrum is deep to the temporal lobe and is involved with memory and interpretation of taste
  - - - contain visceral motor neurons that control smooth and cardiac muscle
      - located in descending tracts
    - - contain somatic motor neurons that control skeletal muscle
      - located in descending tracts
    - - (Unipolar sensory neurons)
        
        receive the input from somatic or visceral neurons and try to process the information
        
        visceral sensory neurons collects info from organs when you are feeling hungry or full
        
        somatic sensory neurons collect info when you sense temperature or muscle stretching and tries to make a message to send out of that information
        
        located in ascending tracts
    - - they have 3 neurons
        
        1st order neuron
        
        it has receptors that bring information to the spinal cord
        
        2nd order neuron
        
        it processes information to predict the right responce
        
        3rd order neuron
        
        located in the thalamus and connects with the cerebral cortex
        
        ex: basal nuclei specialize in processing information on movement
    - - Motor Tracts
        
        motor neurons in the brain/ brainstem that give the directions
        
        skeletal muscles respond to these directions
        
        Have 2 Neurons:
        
        Upper Motor Neuron:
        
        control the activity of lower motor neurons, which control the activity of muscles to produce movement
        
        ex: the precentral gyrus and basal nuclei control the body's movements
        
        Lower Motor Neuron:
        
        is a neuron that synapses with muscle
        
        innervate skeletal muscle fibers and act as a link between upper motor neurons and muscles
        
        control movements of the eyes, face and tongue, and contribute to chewing, swallowing and vocalization
        
        ex: descending spinal cord tracts carry motor signals to muscles and glands
  - - - responsible for body movement and coordination
        
        specialize in processing information on movement and in fine-tuning the activity of brain circuits
    - - It plays an important role in sensory perception, motor output, balance, and posture
      - primary function is to regulate motor movements and assist with equilibrium
    - - control voluntary motor movement on the body's contralateral side
        
        The primary motor cortex is topographically organized and creates a homunculus map
    - - descending tracts carry motor signals to muscles and glands
      - upper motor neurons control the activity of muscles to produce movement
        
        lower motor neurons are the neurons that synapse with that muscle
- - - - found anterior to the central sulcus (in the back end of the frontal lobe)
    - - found posterior of the central sulcus (in the front end of the parietal lobe)
    - - the long and deep vertical indention of the cerebrum
      - the 2 halves are linked together by the Corpus Callosum
    - - the smallest of the four lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
      - It is present posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes
    - - The parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus
      - is divided into 3 parts: the postcentral gyrus, the superior parietal lobule, and the inferior parietal lobule.
    - - the largest of the four major lobes of the brain
      - located at the front of the cerebrum
    - - is located in the prosencephalon or forebrain between the occipital and parietal lobes
      - It is located in the largest division of the brain
    - - the area of the cerebrum that is deep to the temporal lobe
  - - - this region of gray matter is posterior in the spinal cord and contains the cell bodies of (multipolar) interneurons
    - - The middle of open space containing cerebrospinal fluid
    - - the bundle of (multipolar) motor neurons that leave the anterior side of the spinal cord to travel to muscles and glands
    - - Columns of myelinated axons on the outer surface of the spinal cord, surrounding the gray matter horns
    - - region of gray matter is anterior in the spinal cord and contains the cell bodies of (multipolar) motor neurons
    - - The bundle of (multipolar) sensory neurons that enters the posterior side of the spinal cord
    - - This region of gray matter is lateral in the spinal cord; it has (multipolar) automatic motor neurons
    - - an enlargement along the dorsal root of a spinal nerve where (unipolar) sensory neurons cell bodies are found
    - - a narrow groove on the posterior side of the spinal cord
    - - a slightly wider groove on anterior anterior side of the spinal cord
  - - - visceral motor neurons (multipolar)
    - - somatic motor neurons (multipolar)
    - - contains interneurons (Unipolar)
        
        can be either visceral sensory
        
        or somatic sensory
    - - Contain Motor Neurons
        
        in the Dorsal Gray Horn
        
        contain upper motor neurons in the brain or brainstem
        
        lower motor neurons synapse with the muscles
    - - Contain Sensory Neurons
        
        in the Ventral and Lateral Gray Horns
        
        2nd order neuron which is the interneuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
        
        3rd order neuron in the thalamus
        
        1st order neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglion
  - - - A region located at the base of the brain composed of 4 clusters of neurons, or nerve cells
      - a group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres
    - - part of the hindbrain. In humans, it lies between the brainstem and the cerebrum
      - inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
      - contain the arbor vitae, cerebellar hemispheres, and the vermis
    - - part of the cerebral cortex and contains the neocortex
      - mostly on the lateral (convex) side of each cerebral hemisphere
      - anterior to the central sulcus
    - - long descending nerve fibers originating from the cerebral cortex and various brainstem nuclei