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Seed Plants II: Angiosperms (Monocots # (Commelinoid Monocots (Arecals…
Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Changing Concepts About Early Angiosperms
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Angiosperms are monophyletic.
Flowers, fertilization, and developmental plasticity.
Developed the hypothesis of the ranelean flower.
Wind-pollinated trees like alders, elms, oaks, and plant trees were grouped.
That grouped was subclass Hamamelidae.
They were considered the most relictual living flowering plants.
Classification of Flowering Plants
Magnoliophyta is such a large group with so many families, genera, and species.
Cladistic studies involving DNA, biochemistry and anatomy
Two widely used reference books are Plant Systematics, A Phylogenetic Approach and Plant Systematics
All angiosperms are classified as
Monocots
Have only one cotyledon on each embroy.
Eudicots
They have two cotyledon
Basal Angiosperms
The basal angiosperms contain the living descends of several group that originated while angiosperms were still a young clade.
The three groups of extant descendants of these clades are
Amborellaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Austobaileyales
Monocots
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All monocots have lack of ordinary secondary growth and wood.
Many monocots are composed of several carpels.
Arisen from early angiosperms approximately 80 to 100 million.
Alismatales
found in swamps and marches
Sea grasses have no transpiration and mutation that result in loss of stomata are nit selectively disadvantageous.
It contains many aquatic herbs and many aquarium plants.
Plants do not waste carbon and energy by producing fibers.
Flower are large and showy
Liliales
Large colorful flowers
The presence of spots or lines on the petals
broadly as a large group
They contain Lilium, Tulipa, Calochortus
Asparagales
Flowers are large, colorful and showy
it is a large clade.
It is very diverse in morphology.
Dioscoreales
It has a familiar, important crop and unusual morphology.
Small order has only one family.
It have petiolate and broad leaves
Commelinoid Monocots
Differ from others in several unusual synapomorphies
Have unique types of epicuticular wax.
Walls have unusual types of hemicellulose and ultraviolet-fluorescent compounds.
Arecals
Coconuts and dates
Their flowers are tiny
Palms
Poales
contain the grass family Poaceae
They are cattails and Bromeliaceae.
Zingiberales
Contain the most familiar of all houseplants
The leaves are broad and have a petiole.
Eudicots :red_flag:
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Contain much larger group than the monocots
Pollen grains have either three germination pores or have some tropical mechanism
Basal Eudicots
Caryophylleales
DNA based studies have combined a large number of families into a group.
Ranunculaceae
Flowers have so little fusion
Santalales
They are parasitic
Rosid Clade
Very large, very diverse and the rosid and asterids
Pinnately compound leaves
DNA analysis has a great deal of information to identify patterns of relationship.
Asterid Clade
sunflower, periwinkle, morning glory
Many chemical differences exist
Large clade of eudicots is the asterid
They important for medically too.