seed plants 2: angiosperms

changing concepts about early angiosperms

classification of flowering plants

basal angiosperms

monocots # #

commenlinoid monocots

eudicots

basal eudicots

rosid clade

asterid clade

ranalean flower- magnolia type flower was thought to be relictual

such flower is generalized- has all parts and are arranged spirally

carpels occur in a superior position

easy to postulate evolution of alltypes of flowers from ranalean generalized ancestor

monocots have 3 stamens + 3 carpels- eudicots have 4 of each

angiosperms are monophyletic

originated in Jurassic period

classified as either monocots or eudicots

monocots

have 1 cotyledon on each embryo

leaves have parallel veins

vascular bundles distributed throughout the stem

leaves are elongate and strap

never have ordinary secondary growth/ wood

flowers of monocots are separated in groups/multiples of 3

eudicots

2 cotyledon and reticulates venation in leaves

vascular bundles occur in one ring in stem

can be woody

flower parts occur in sets of 5, sometimes in sets of 4, and rarely in sets of 3

angiosperms divereged into basal angiosperms

amborella and austrobaileyales resemble eudicots

water lillies #

vascular bundles are scattered like monocots

lack wood

uniaperturate

only have single germination spore

eudicots have 3 germination pores

basal angio sperms and monocots are uniapertuate

believed to have risen from angiosperms

tepals- perianth members

angiosperms gave rise to monocots

parallel venation of leaves

ancestors had broad leaves and lived as aquatic plants

marginal type of meristem evolved

orders

assimilates- aquatic herbs

liliales - lilies

asparagales

septa- carpals fuse side by side

carpals do not fuse completely together and open areas to secrete nectar - septal nectaries

dioscoreales - starchy crop

contain a unique type of epicuticular wax

orders

arecales - the palms

poales - grass family and cattails

zingiberales - house plants such as maranta , gingers

large trees with with reduced wind pollinated flowers

order

caryophyllales

cacti

contains water soluble pigments called betalains

nuclear cells form a nutritive tissue called perisperm

santalales

parasitic plants

mistletoe

2 large clades

fabids aka eurosids 1

malvids aka eurosids 2

contains pinnately compound leaves

sunflowers, periwikles, petunia, and morning glory

sister clade to rosids

easily distinguished from other angiosperms

they have sympetalous flowers ( petals fused together into a tube)

always have a few stamens not more than the number of petal lobes

stamens alternate with petals

many asterid have iridoid compounds

2 small orders

lamiids aka euasterids 1

campanulids aka euasterids 2

Eudicot_Gymnosperm+stem+cross+section+pith

this is an image of a eudicot cross section

dd84d3e61465aa559f0c42c62fd497e3

this is an example of a monocot

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this is an image of a basal angiosperm

monocots have flowering parts