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Chief Concern: 52-year-old active female is facing challenges completing…

- - - - Longitudinal Fissure
        
        very deep indentation that divides the cerebrum into two halves
      - Lobes
        
        Occipital Lobe
        
        Posterior on the Cerebrum; Superior on the Cerebullum
        
        Temporal Lobe
        
        Lateral lobes on the Cerebrum
        
        Parietal Lobe
        
        Superior to the Temporal Lobe; Lateral on the Cerebrum
        
        Insula
        
        Deep Inner-lobe
        
        Frontal Lobe
        
        Most anterior lobe on the Cerebrum
      - Sucli
        
        small indentation in the surface of the cerebrum
        
        Central Sulcus
        
        separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum
      - Gyri
        
        raised bumps on the surface of the cerebrum
        
        precentral gyrus
        
        anterior to the central sulcus
        
        postcentral gyrus
        
        posterior to the central sulcus
      - Cerebullum
        
        inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
        
        Arbor vitae
        
        cerebellar hemisphere
        
        vermis
      - Diencephalon
        
        located in the middle/deep of the cerebrum
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Thalamus
        
        Intermediate Mass of the Thalamus
        
        Thalamus
        
        Pineal gland
        
        Fornix
        
        Corpus Callosum
        
        Pituitary Gland
    - - Lateral Gray Horn
        
        region of gray matter is lateral in the spinal cord
        
        Dorsal root
        
        posterior of the spinal cord
        
        Dorsal Root Ganglion
        
        enlargement along the dorsal root of a spinal nerve
        
        Ventral Gray Horn
        
        region of gray matter is anterior in the spinal cord
        
        Dorsal Median Sulcus
        
        narrow groove on the posterior side of the spinal cord
        
        White Matter Funiculi
        
        columns of myelinated axons on the outsurface of the spinal cord
        
        Ventral Median Fissure
        
        slightly wider groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord
        
        Ventral Root
        
        anterior side of the spinal cord
        
        Central Canal
        
        Middle open space
        
        Dorsal Gray Horn
        
        region of gray matter is posterior in the spinal cord.
    - - Functional
        
        Interneurons
        
        Motor Neurons
        
        Sensory Neurons
      - Structural
        
        Bipolar Neurons
        
        Multipolar Neurons
        
        Unipolar Neurons
    - - Ascending Tracts
        
        Receptors through the body collect information that is sent to the brain for process
        
        Types of Neurons
        
        2nd order neuron
        
        3rd order neuron
        
        1st order neuron
        
        Examples
        
        Spinothalamic Tracts
        
        Spinal cord ascending information to the thalamus
        
        Spinocerebellar Tract
        
        Spinal cord ascending information to the cerebellum
      - Descending Tracts
        
        Motor neurons in the brain give the directions sending it to the skeleton muscles to respond
        
        Types of Neurons
        
        Upper motor neurons
        
        Lower motor neurons
        
        Examples
        
        Corticospinal Tract
        
        Precentral Gyrus sends motor neurons to the spinal cord.
        
        Vestibulospinal Tract
        
        Inner ear structurea (Sacrule,Utricle, and Semicircular Canals) sends motor neurons to the spinal cord.
  - - - Ventral gray horns
        
        contains the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons traveling to skeletal muscles and glands
      - Dorsal Root
        
        bundle of sensory neurons that enters the posterior side of the spinal cord
      - White matter funiculi
        
        columns of myelinated axons on the outer surface of the spinal cord, surrounding the gray matter horns.
      - Lateral Gray Horns
        
        it contains autonomic motor neurons
      - Ventral Root
        
        bundle of motor neurons that leave the anterior side of the spinal cord to travel to muscles and glands.
      - Dorsal Root Ganglion
        
        Where sensory neuron cell bodies are found
      - Central Canal
        
        Open space contains CSF
      - Dorsal Gray Horn
        
        contains the cell bodies of interneurons
    - - Ascending Tracts
        
        Sensory tracts that receptors through the body collect information and is sent to the brain for processing
        
        Types of Neurons
        
        2nd order
        
        inteneuron in the dorsal grey horn of the spinal cord receives the synapse
        
        3rd order
        
        neuron in the thalamus that connects with the cerebral cortex
        
        1st order
        
        has receptors and brings the information to the spinal cord
      - Descending Tracts
        
        are motor tracts that motor neurons in the brain give direction for skeletal muscles to respond.
        
        Types of Neurons
        
        Upper motor neuron
        
        is in the brain or the brainstem
        
        Lower motor neuron
        
        which where the neuron synapse with the muscle.
    - - Sulci
        
        Central sulcus
        
        Separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum
      - Longitudinal Fissure
        
        very deep indentation that divides the cerebrum into two cerebral hemispheres.
      - Gyri
        
        increase surface area of the cerebrum
        
        Precentral gyrus
        
        Primary motor area of the brain, which regulates many of the body's motor functions
        
        Postcentral gyrus
        
        Primary sensory area of the brain, which is involved in many of the body's sensory functions
      - Lobes
        
        Parietal Lobe
        
        involves with general sensory functions
        
        Temporal Lobe
        
        responsible for processing for processing the senses of hearing and smell.
        
        Frontal Lobe
        
        Involves with motor functions, concentration, decision making, planning and personality.
        
        Occipital Lobe
        
        processes visual information and stores visual memeories
        
        Insula
        
        involved with memory and interpretation of taste.
      - Diencephalon
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        controls homeostasis in the body
        
        Thalamus
        
        relay center to and from the cerebrum; filters out sounds and sights
        
        Intermediate Mass of the Thalamus
        
        structure connects the right and left sides of the thalamus
        
        Fornix
        
        White matter tracts carry information in and out of the hippocampus
        
        Pineal Gland
        
        controls circadian rhythm
        
        Pituitary gland
        
        endocrine gland that secretes several hormones (growth, blood pressure and sex hormones.
        
        Corpus Callosum
        
        band of white matter that connect the two cerebral hemisphere
      - Cerebellum
        
        regulate motor movements and assist with equilibrium
    - - Structural Neurons
        
        Bipolar Neurons
        
        has two extensions from the cell body; commonly found in special sensory organs
        
        Multipolar Neurons
        
        has multiple extension from the cell body; There are most abundant type of neurons in the body.
        
        Unipolar Neurons
        
        has one extension off their cell body; commonly found in the dorsal root ganglion
      - Functional Neurons
        
        Interneurons
        
        conduct impulses within the CNS and intergrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output.
        
        Motor (Efferent) Neurons
        
        carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors such as muscles, organs, or glands.
        
        Autonomic Neurons
        
        sends motor neurons to cardiac and smooth muscles or involuntary muscles to contract
        
        Somatic Neurons
        
        sends motor neurons to skeletal muscles or voluntary muscles to contract
        
        Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
        
        transmit impulses from sensory recptors in the skin or organs toward the Central Nervous System (CNS)
        
        Visceral Sensory Neurons
        
        are sensory neurons that communicate signals from the periphery to the CNS
        
        Somatic Sensory neurons
        
        Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscle, and sensory organs to the CNS
    - - areas of the cerebrum that are involve with the process of movement (CNS to Skeletal Muscle Tissue)
        
        Role of the Cerebellum
        
        assists the precentral gyrus with skeletal muscle movements
        
        enables smooth coordinated movements
        
        Role of the Descending Spinal Cord Tract
        
        Types of Neurons
        
        Upper motor neurons
        
        neurons located in the brain or brainstem
        
        Lower motor neurons
        
        where the neuron that synapse with the muscle
        
        Type of tract
        
        Direct motor tract
        
        where you decide what muscle to move from the precentral gyrus. (Somatic Neurons)
        
        Indirect motor tract
        
        the decision to move is from the brain stem (Autonomic Neurons)
        
        Role of the Basal Nuclei
        
        help to regulate muscle movements by preventing unwanted movements
        
        Roles of the Precentral Gyrus
        
        contractions of the body's skeletal muscles is initiated by the neurons in the precentral gyrus
        
        contains the motor homunculus
        
        the size of a body part indicates how many different motor neurons travel to that body part
- - - - Organ Systems Affected
        
        Respiratory System
        
        ALS can paralyze the muscles you use to breathe (Diaphragm, inter-coastal cartilage)
        
        Treatments:
        
        A device may be given to help breathe. Either a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP).
        
        Tracheostomy: a surgically created hole at the front of the neck leading to the tranchea allowing full use of a respirator to inflate and deflate their lungs.
        
        Muscluar System
        
        ALS can develop issues with swallowing and speech.
        
        Treatments
        
        Speech- Will rely on communication technologies to communicate
        
        Swallow- a feeding tube will reduce the risks of pneumonia, malnutrition and dehydration.
        
        Nervous System
        
        Some people with ALS have problem with memory and decision making. Eventually leading to frontotemporal dementia.
- - - - Age
      - Sex
      - Heredity
      - Genetics
    - - Military Service
      - Environmental toxin exposure
      - Smoking