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MOTIVATION (Classical Theories and Motivation (McClelland's Theory of…
MOTIVATION
Important of Motivation
Leads to achievement of organizational goals
Attracts people to join an organization and remain in it
Builds friendly relationship
Maintains and develops an organizations human resources
Improves the level of efficiency among employees
Relationship between
motivation
and performance
this relationship can be
ilustrated in the equation
below :
P=M X A
where :
P (performance)
M (motivation)
A (ability)
Classical Theories and Motivation
McClelland's Theory of Needs
Need forpower (n-power)
:star:the desire to influence other individuals behaviour
Need for affiliation(n-aff)
:star:the need for open and sociable interpersonal relationships
Need for achievement (n-ach)
:star: the urge to excel, to accomplish in relation to a set of standards, to struggle to achieve success.
Locke's Goal-setting Theory
:check: intentions to work toward a goal are a major source of motivation
:check: five citeria, known as
SMART
, must be considered in setting goals.
Action-oriented
Realistic and relevant
Measureable
Time-based
Specific
Alderfer's ERG Theory
Relatedness
:star:These include the aspirations individuals have for maintaining significant interpersonal relationships, being accepted by others as members,etc.
Growth
These include needs for self-development and personal growth and advancement
Existence
:star:The include need for basic material necessities.
Skinner's Reinforcement Theory
:check: the process of shaping behaviour by controling the consequences of the behaviour.
:check: tools used to control the behaviour of employee are :
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction
Positive Reinforcement
Punishment
Herzberg's Two-factor Theory
Motivation and Job Satisfaction
Hygiene factors (the dissatisfiers)
:star: Salary
:star: Company policies
:star:Fringe benefits
:star: Working conditions
:star: Interpersonal relations
:star:Job security
:star: Supervision
Motivativation factors
(The Satisfies)
:star: Recognition
:star:Achievement
:star:Growth
:star:Responsibility
:star: Advancement
:star: Work itself
Adams's Equity Theory
:check:focuses on an individual's perceived perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work input.
:check:three probabilities of outcome may arise:
:star: Under-rewarded (inequity)
:star:Equity
:star:Over- rewarded (inequity)
self-outside
other-outside
self-inside
other-outside
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X
Disliking work
Avoiding responsibility
Having little ambition
Theory Y
Self-directed
Enjoying work
Accepting responsibility
Vroom's Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Focus on three relationship :
Effort- performance relationship (expactancy)
Performance-reward relationship(instrumentality)
Reward- personal goals relationship (valence)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Maslow made an assumption that there are five levels
of needs within an individual
:explode: Physiological needs
:explode:Safety needs
:explode: Social/Belongingness needs
:explode:Esteem needs
:explode:Self-actualization needs
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
:check: human behaviour is caused by personal,behavioural and environment
:check: people learn by observing other
Definition
Motivation is a set of forces that causes
people to behave in certain ways
