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Patient having trouble completing everyday tasks (Anatomy ( Brain and…
Patient having trouble completing everyday tasks
Anatomy
Cerebrum
Sulci
Central Sulcus
Gyri
Precentral Gyrus
Anterior to Central Sulcus
Postcentral Gyrus
Posterior to Central Sulcus
Longitudinal Fissure
Cerebral Hemispheres
Left
Right
Lobes
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula
Frontal lobe
Spinal Cord
Nervous tissue
Gray Matter
Inside
White Matter
Outside
Meninges
Dura mater
Superficial
Arachnoid Mater
Middle
Pia Mater
Deep
Structures
Gray Horns
Dorsal gray horns
dorsal side of gray matter
Ventral gray horns
ventral side of gray matter
Lateral Gray horns
lateral side of gray matter
Roots
Dorsal root
dorsal side of spinal cord
Dorsal root Ganglion
enlarged area on dorsal root
Ventral root
ventral side of spinal cord
Grooves
Ventral medial fissure
Dorsal medial sulcus
Central Canal
open space in middle of gray matter
White matter tracts
surrounds gray matter, contains columns of myelinated axons
Tracts
Ascending tracts
1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
3rd order neuron
Descending tracts
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
Brain and spinal structures involved in the process of movement
Upper motor neuron
Precentral gyrus
Motor humunculus
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum
Descending tract
Lower motor neuron
Skeletal muscle effector
Physiology
Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres
Two halves of the brain (left and right)
Longitudinal Fissure
Deep sulcus dividing the cerebral hemispheres
Sulci
indentation
Central Sulcus
seperats frontal and parietal lobes
Gyri
Bump
Precentral Gyus
primary motor area of the brain
Postcentral sulcus
primary sensory area of the brain
Lobes
Frontal lobe
personality and motor functions
Occipital lobe
visual information
Temporal lobe
senses for hearing and smelling
Parietal lobe
general sensory functions
Insula
sense of taste
Spinal Cord
Meninges
Pia Mater
attached to brain
Arachnoid Mater
middle, houses cerebrospinal fluid
Dura Mater
attached to skull
Nervous Tissue
Gray matter
contain cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
White matter
contains myelinated axons
Structures
Gray horns
Dorsal gray horns
contains interneurons
processes sensory impulses
Ventral gray horns
contains somatic motor neurons
skeletal movement
Lateral gray horns
contains visceral motor neurons
autonomic functions
Roots
Dorsal root
Sensory nerve, brings in impulse to interneuron from receptor
Ventral Root
Motor nerve
Sends out motor impulse from interneuron to effector
Doral root ganglion
houses the sensory nerve cell bodies
Central Canal
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
White matter tracts
Ascending tracts
transports sensory information to the brain from the body
Descending tracts
transports motor information from the brain to the body
Tracts
Ascending Tracts
1st order neuron
neuron collects information from a receptor to the spinal cord
2nd order neuron
interneuron passes information in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
3rd order neuron
neuron sends information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to be processed
Example
Spinothalamic tract
1st order neuron
collects sensory information from a receptor and brings it to the dorsal gray horn.
2nd order neuron
passes sensory information from 1st order neuron in dorsal gray horn to the thalamus.
3rd order neuron
sends the sensory information from the thalamus to be processed in the sensory homunculus of the cerebral cortex.
Descending tracts
Upper motor neuron
motor neuron in the brain or brainstem that send information to a lower motor neuron in the lateral or ventral gray horns
Lower motor neuron
motor neuron that synapse with the muscle to transmit a motor impulse from the lateral or ventral gray horn to the effctor
Example
Upper motor neuron
the motor neuron starts in the motor homunculus of the cerebral cortex and sends a motor impulse to the lower motor neuron in the lateral gray horn.
Lower motor neuron
the motor neuron sends the motor impulse from the upper motor neuron in the lateral gray horn to a muscle.
Process of Movement
1st: Upper motor neuron of a descending tract
Its starts on the area of the motor homunculus that corresponds with the muscle that is trying to be activated
2nd: Upper motor neuron leaves the motor homunculus in the precentral gyrus
3rd: Upper motor neuron travels through the basal nuclei
The basal nuclei processes the motor information to prevent unwanted movements.
4th: Upper motor neuron leaves basal nuclei to cerebellum
The cerebellum processes the motor information to make corrections for smooth coordinated movements
5th:Upper motor neuron leaves cerebellum and continues down the descending tract
6th: Upper motor neuron synapses with lower motor neuron
7th: Lower motor neuron synapses with skeletal muscle effector
Upstream
Direct cause
Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Affect nerve cells in motor nerurons
Cause of muscle weakness
cause of her fall
Indirect cause
Fixed risk factors
Age
over 40
Herditary
both brother and father had it
Lifestyle factors
was in the Army
could have been exposed to a metal or chemical, traumatic injury, viral infection, intense exertion
Downstream
Muscular System
Muscles
weakened skeletal muscles
difficulty moving limbs
physical therapy
occupational therapy
medication
weakened muscles around the mouth
difficulty speaking
speech therapy
problems chewing and swallowing
difficulty eating
modify food for easy consumption
could eventually need a feeding tube
weakened diaphragm and intercostals
trouble breathing
mechanical ventilation
tracheotomy connected to a respirator
Nervous system
Brain
Dementia
medications
