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DNA (Gene expression-The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of…

- - - - This RNA molecule is called messenger RNA because it carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein synthesizing machinery of the cell.
        
        Translation-The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA. The cell translates the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide at the site of translation ribosomes.
        
        Ribosomes-molecular complexes that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains-
        
        Primary Transcript-The initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not translated into protein
        
        Triplet Code-the flow of information from gene to protein as a series of nonoverlapping three nucleotide words
        
        Template strand- for each gene, one of the two DNA strands is transcribed
        
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        Polyribosomes-ribosomes that pair up and can produce multiple polypeptides from one mRNA
        
        Transfer RNA(tRNA)a series of codons along an mRNA molecule is translated by this molecule
        
        anticodon-where the tRNA hasThe particular nucleotide triplet that base pairs to a specific mRNA codon.
        
        aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases-a group of enzymes that ensures the correct matching up of tRNA and amino acid. Adds amino acid to tRNA.
        
        wobble-the flexible base pairing at this codon position
        
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        Polypeptides of proteins that are sent to the endomembrane system or for secretion are marked by a signal peptide
        
        Recognized by a protein-RNA complex called a signal recognition particle(SRP)
      - RNA polymerase-a enzyme which pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotide complementary to the DNA template strand.
        
        The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as the promoter.
        
        in bacteria the sequence that signals the end of transcription is known as the terminator
        
        Transcription unit-The stretch of DNA downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
        
        The promoter of a gene includes within it the transcription start point-The nucleotide where RNA polymerase actually begins synthesis of the mRNA
        
        In eukaryotes,a collection of proteins called transcription factors help eukaryotic RNA polymerase recognize promoter sequences and the initiation of transcription
        
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      - RNA synthesis catalyzed(started) by RNA polymerase
        
        Three stages of transcription, initiation, elongation, and termination
- - - - viruses- DNA or RNA enclosed in a shell which is often protein, in order to produce more viruses it takes over the cells metabolic machinery
        
        nucleotides adenine only connects to thymine in two hydrogen bonds
        
        nucleotides guanine only connects to cytosines.in three hydrogen bonds
        
        Chargaffs rule
        
        Double Helix- a term used to describe DNA due to a early picture of its appearance with two strands
        
        The two sugar phosphate backbones are antiparralel-their subunits run in opposite directions
        
        Origins of replication-Where replication of chromosomal DNA occurs. on short stretches of DNA that have a specific sequence of nucleotides
        
        Replication fork- at each end of a replication bubble, a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound
        
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