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Seed II: Angiosperms (Monocots (Commelinoid Monocots (Poales (contains…

- - - - contains grass family Poaceae, cattails, sedges, bromeliads
      - also include wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, rice, sugar cane
    - - contains Maranta, Calathea, canna lilies, gingers
      - large showy flowers pollinated by insects, birds, or bats
      - adjacent sepals fused to each other
    - - easily recognized by their solitary trunk
      - all have simple leaves
      - contains palms
- - - - synapomorphy that separates from other clades
    - - peak of plant evolution
      - as most advanced group of plants
      - or most derived
  - - - long pollen tubes
      - double fertilization
      - have closed carpels
      - with very few exceptions
        
        sieve tubes and vessels
- - - - represent both dicot and monocot leaves
  - - - did not evolve more than once
  - - - thought to be relictual
    - - has all parts
        
        sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
      - arranged spirally
    - - all existing flower types
        
        come from generalized ancestor
- - - - Nymphaeaceae
        
        water lilies
        
        lack any wood
        
        flowers pollinated by animals
      - Austrobaileyales
        
        woody tress with bisexual flowers
        
        stamens and carpels similar to Amborella
      - Amborellaceae
        
        dioecious
        
        staminate flowers and carpellate flowers
        
        5 to 11 tepals
        
        wood contains tracheids but no vessels
  - - - shows Magnolia diverged from earlier angiosperms
      - they are uniaperturate
- - - - two distinct lines of evolution
        
        either monocots or dicots
        
        dicot
        
        reticulate venation in the leaves
        
        flower parts in sets of five, sometimes four
        
        more diverse and have two cotyledons
        
        monocot
        
        leaves usually have parallel veins
        
        flower parts arranged in groups or multiples of three
        
        have only one cotyledon on each embryo
      - two widely used reference books
        
        Plant Systematics and A Phylogenetic Approach
    - - diverged into several clades
        
        now called basal angiosperms
- - - - mostly parasitic
      - sandalwood family
      - includes Viscum and Phoradendron
        
        used as Christmas decoration
    - - consist small orders such as Vitaceae
      - large two clades
        
        fabids (also called eurosids I)
        
        malvids (eurosids II)
    - - produce water-soluble pigments called betalains
      - form a nutritive tissue called perisperm
    - - the most derived large clade
      - conatins sunflower, periwinkle, petunia, and morning glory
      - can be distinguished on basis of three features
        
        have sympetalous flowers
        
        few stamens not more than the number of petal lobes
        
        stamens alternate with petals