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Chapter 23 Seed Plants II: Angiosperms (Basal angiosperms :black_flag:,…
Chapter 23 Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Concepts
Magnoliophyta
often called Angiospermophyta
Angiosperm carpel
the edges of sporophyll primordia crowd against each other and grow shut.
closed carpel
develop into fruit that encloses the embryos as they develop into seeds.
Double fertilization
second sperm cell of pollen tube fuses with the polar nuclei of the
megagametophyte.
Changing concepts about early angiosperms.
:recycle:
carpels occur in superior positions
fossils plant knowledge has become more complete
C.E. Bessery developed the hypothesis of the ranalean flower.
developed hypothesis of Ranalean flower
speaks of generalized flowers
Basal angiosperms
:black_flag:
Magnoliid Clade
contain the living descendants of groups of angiosperms
early angiosperms
Austtrobaileyales
uniapertuate
water lilies
their ancestors became reproductively isolated.
Classification of Flowering Plants
uses arrangement of structures, veins, and other characteristics
magnoliophyta
large group with many families, genera, and species
angiosperms are classified
monocots
three sepals, three petals, three stamens, and three carpels.
dicots
more diverse and include greater number of families , genera and spoecies.
Leaves usually have parallel veins because the leaves are elongate and sharp shaped.
Monocot
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Alismatales
have become highly modified
contains many aquatic herbs
most often found in swamps and marshes
do not waste carbon energydo not waste carbon energy
Lilales
many previous families grouped in Asparagales
contains many ornamental plants
mostly bulbs
Asparagales
#
species have fused carpels
large clade with many families
gives a sense of evolution and diversification
Orchiaceae is the largest/most diverse family
Dioscoreales
only one family
Commelinoid Monocots
Arecales
about 3,500 species, contains the palms
Poales
contains grass families
wind pollinated
has about 8,000 species
Zingiberales
contains familiar house plants
Eudicots
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Basal Eudicots
Caryophyllales
unique nature of sieve tube plastids
share many derived characters
produce betalains
have perisperm
Rosid Clade
important economically
consist of several small and two large groups
two large clades
fabids
eurosids I
Asterid Clade
createst number of species
easily distinguishable
very few stamens
contains many well-known plants
sunflower
morning glory
iridoid compounds
very potent chemicals
deter predators
Division Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
:<3:
ring of vascular bundles surrounding pith
any woody plant with fern-like foliage
thought to have evolved from the Anueophytales
wood was manoxylic
leaves similar to true ferns
foliage leaves bore seeds
(unlike seed ferns)
large
compound
planar.
(unlike seed ferns)
inner cortex
thick cortex around stem
Division Cycadophyta: Cycad
:forbidden:
trunk is covered with bark
produce seed and pollen cones
short (less than 1-2 cm tall)
cycad foilage leaves do not bear ovules.
much larger group with more species.
Highly prized ornamental in the warmest parts of the united states.
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperms
:red_cross:
A third group to evolve from trimerophytes
Aneurophytales.
primary xylem in stems was a protostele
vary in stature
all had a vascular cambium and secondary growth
contains the more relictual progymnosperms
trunks upto 1.5m in diameter and 12 m tall.
Archaeopteridales
abundant wood with secondary phloem
reproduction
heterosporous
more derived progymnosperm
"fronds" were planted branch systems
ring of primary xylem bundles
leaflets were serially arranged simple leaves
Evolution of seeds.
#
four types of pollen became common common after Upper Devonian Period
earliest known species
Chauleria
from Middle Devonian Period
microphyla
some fossils help us understand the early stages
hole in integument
permitted sperm cells to swim to the egg
pollen chamber
holding area for microspores
evolved into pollen grains
megasporangia
evolved into ovules with integuments
Concepts :check:
Cambium
lignophytes
plant that give rise to monophyletic group of woody plants
spermatophytes.
seeds originated establishing seed plants.
Gymnosperms
plants with naked ovules.
#
example; pine cones.
Angiosperms.
flowering plants
carples
Division Cycadeoiphyta: Cycadeoids
:warning:
both cycadeoids and cycads
each ovule had a stalk
had vegetative features
contained microsporophylls and megasporophylls
megasporangium was surrounded by an integument
each microsporophyll
was cup shaped
contained numerous sporangia
Conifers
Division Coniferophyta: Conifers
simple venation of leaves
two types of shoot
short shoots
long shoots
leaf veins contain
endodermis
transfusion tissue
cones
pollen cones
simple
seed cones
compound
example
never herbs, vines, or annuals
microscopic axillary bud
its megasporophylls are fused to form ovuliferous scale
moderate to gigantic size
Division Ginkophyta: Maidenhair Tree
:!!:
contains a single living species
looks much like a large dicot tree
lacks vessels and axial parenchyma
popular ornamental
reproduction is dioecious
wood like conifers
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Division Gnetophyta
:star:
contains three groups of enigmatic plants
Ephedra
about 40 species
touch shrubs and brushes
Gnetum
leaves similar to those of dicots
30 species
mostly vines or small shrubs
Welwitschia Mirabilis
short, wide stem
exists only in deserts of South Africa or in cultivation
only species in the genus
only two leaves
