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Groups in New France ( Sovereign Council (The GOVERNOR had three main…
Groups in New France
Sovereign Council
The GOVERNOR had three main roles in the Sovereign Council. He represented the king, controlled the military, and looked after the colony's defense. He would also deal with "external relations," like trade with the First Nations.
The INTENDANT was the chief administer of the colony. He would work to make sure the colony stayed in good order, make it less dependent on France for meeting its basic needs, and kept an eye out for new ways to use the colony for France's benefit.
The SOVEREIGN COUNCIL itself was established by the King of France in 1663 so that he could rule New France in accordance with his decisions.
The BISHOP OF QUEBEC represented the Catholic Church. He would provide spiritual and moral guidance and founded schools, orphanages, and hospitals. The Catholic Church played an important role in the colony.
"Farmers"
HABITANTS were farmers. They lived on SEIGNEURIES. Habitants means "inhabitants," which means people who inhabit the land. In France, they would have been called paysans (peasants in French). Habitants rarely owned anything. In fact, their seigneurs often owned them!
SEIGNEURIES were large plots of land owned by seigneurs, or landlords. The seigneurs received the, as grants from the King of France.
In exchange for a farmer's right to establish a farm, he had to clear the land, plant crops, and build a house. He also needed to pay the seigneur's miller to grind his grain into flour and give a few days of labour each year to the seigneur.
Fur Traders
MERCHANTS were people who made their living in the fur trade. They would import goods from France and trade the goods with the Innu, Ouandat, the Anashinabe, and other First Nations. They traded so they could get furs. Merchants were people with jobs such as blacksmiths, shoemakers, and bakers.
COUREUR DE BOIS is French for "runner of the woods." This term comes from the way some men engaged in the fur trade--they "ran into the forest" to trade with the First Nations. The coureurs worked independently, and at first New France encouraged independent trading. Later, though, independent trading was made illegal.
VOYAGEUR means "traveller." Voyageurs were men from New France who travelled between fur merchants of Montreal and fur trade posts of the Great Lakes. Eventually they went even further west.
Catholic Church
The CATHOLIC CHURCH, or CLERGY, played an important role in New France's identity. This church tried hard to convert First Nations to catholicism.
The Jesuits were a catholic religious order that came to New France in the early 1600s. They established missions among different First Nations so that that could convert them to the Catholic faith. Many of the Jesuits learned First Nations' languages.
The Catholic Church also established schools, hospitals, and orphanages in New France. The church also played an important role in governing the colony.
Soldiers
The king wanted military men to settle in New France, so he gave officers seigneuries and they invited soldiers to live on their land.
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