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SOURCES OF ENERGY (Renewable energy sources: (Hydropower energy…

- - - - Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms – a process called fission. This generates heat to produce steam, which is used by a turbine generator to generate electricity. Because nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, they do not produce greenhouse gas emissions.
    - - In a conventional uranium mine and mill, uranium ore is extracted from the Earth, usually through deep underground wells or shallow open wells. The ore is transported to a mill, where it is crushed and subjected to a chemical process to remove uranium. Uranium is concentrated to produce a material called "yellow cake" due to its yellowish color. Alternatively, uranium can be recovered from the ore by a heap leaching process. In the heap leaching process, the ore is placed in an engineering barrier and sprayed with acid. Uranium dissolves in solution and is collected at the engineering barrier. The solution is subjected to additional chemical processing to produce "yellow cake".
  - - - Three naturally occurring allotropes of carbon are known to exist: amorphous, graphite and diamond. Amorphous carbon is formed when a material containing carbon is burned without enough oxygen for it to burn completely.
    - - If the coal is found a at depth not exceeding 30 m, it is extracted in open pit mines, where the field is made accessible after the elimination of the top layers of rocks and soil by means of explosive charges. The first method consists in extracting coal while leaving “ pillars ” to support the roof of the mine. The second method envisages the use of a series of supporting structures called “ scaffoldings ” which can be easily removed and support the roof in the mining area. While the extraction goes on, the scaffoldings are removed and the roof collapses.
  - - - A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure. Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare).
    - - The oil well is created by drilling a long hole in the ground with an oil rig. A steel pipe (shell) is placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the recently drilled well. Then holes are made at the base of the well to allow oil to pass into the well. Finally, a collection of valves called "Christmas Tree" is placed on top; The valves regulate the pressures and control the flow. The drilling process is in "Upstream", which is one of the 3 main services in the oil industry. These services are Upstream, Mid-Stream and Downstream.
  - - - It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.
    - - The combination of compression and high temperature ions causes the carbon bonds in organic matter to break. This molecular decomposition produces thermogenic methane: natural gas. Methane, probably the most abundant organic compound on Earth, is made of carbon and hydrogen (CH4).
- - - - The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. ... The power is sent from a power grid into the electric generators.
    - - Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
  - - - Solar thermal power (electricity) generation systems collect and concentrate sunlight to produce the high temperature heat needed to generate electricity. ... The steam is converted into mechanical energy in a turbine, which powers a generator to produce electricity.
    - - 'Solar heat' or 'solar thermal energy' means the conversion of solar energy into a technically usable heat.
        For example, the figure on the left shows how a roof heat exchanger and heat storage in a house can help with hot water.
  - - - Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery.
    - - A photovoltaic energy is the direct transformation of solar radiation into electricity. This transformation occurs in devices called photovoltaic panels. In photovoltaic panels, solar radiation excites the electrons of a semiconductor device generating a small potential difference. The serial connection of these devices allows to obtain greater potential differences.
  - - - Wind power is one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies. Use is increasing worldwide, in part because costs are falling. Global installed wind generation capacity on land and offshore has increased by almost 75 in the last two decades, from 7.5 gigawatts (GW) in 1997 to about 564 GW in 2018, according to the latest data from IRENA Wind electricity production doubled between 2009 and 2013, and in 2016 wind power accounted for 16% of the electricity generated by renewable energy. Many parts of the world have strong wind speeds, but the best locations to generate wind power are sometimes remote. Offshore wind energy offers enormous potential.
    - - For example, the chemical energy in a battery is converted into electrical energy. The electrical energy, which involves the motion of electrical charges or currents, can be used to power everyday devices like computers and flashlights. Mechanical energy can also be transformed into electrical energy.
  - - - Biomass production at all trophic levels ultimately depends on the quantity and quality of resources that comprise the basal trophic level. Experimental manipulations have generally found that biomass at all trophic levels increases with the increase in NPP.
    - - Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb energy from the sun in a process called photosynthesis. When the biomass is burned, the chemical energy in the biomass is released as heat. Biomass can burn directly or become liquid biofuels or biogas that can be burned as fuels.