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A 61 year-old male is suffering a stroke. Now he can't speak, use his…

- - - - the initial vascular blockage during a stroke is not usually disastrous. Rather it's the neuron-killing events outside the initial ischemic zone that wreak the most havoc
      - Temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia is called Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
        
        TIA's last from 5-50min and are characterized by temporary numbness, paralysis, or impaired speech
        
        TIA's work as red flags for more serious CVA's
  - - - The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain made up of the right and left hemisphere, and sub-divided into frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
        
        The bulging anterior structure inferior to the temporal lobe is the pons.
        
        The medulla oblongata extends downward from the pons to the spinal cord.
        
        The cerebellum is the posterior inferior part of the brain
        
        Immediately inferior and medial to the cerebrum is a broad curved mass of white matter called corpus callosum.
        
        The midbrain is between and somewhat superior to the pons and the cerebellum.
        
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- - - - As soon as the neural tube forms, its anterior (rostral) end begins to expand and constrictions appear that mark off the three primary brain vesicles.
        
        The primary vesicles give rise to the secondary brain vesicles which then develop rapidly to produce the major structures of the adult brain.
        
        The midbrain remains undivided.
        
        The hindbrain constricts, forming the mesencephalon (after brain)and myelencephalon (spinal brain)
        
        The mesesnxeohalon, ,metencephalon, and myelencephalon transform into the midbrain, pons, cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata
        
        The forebrain divides into the telencephalon (endbrain) and diencephalon (Interbrain)
        
        The diencephalon specializes to form the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, and retina
        
        The telencephalon sprouts two lateral swellings that become the two cerebral hemispheres, referred collectively as the cerebrum
        
        Alll these midbrain and hindbrain structures, except the cerebellum, form the brain stem.
        
        Prosencephalon or forebrain
        
        Mesencephalon or midbrain
        
        Rhombencephalon or hindbrain
    - - Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle in the diencephalon via a channel called an inter ventricular foramen
        
        The third ventricle is continuous with the fourth ventricle via the canal-like cerebral aqueduct
        
        The fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord inferiorly
    - - Areas concerned with conscious awareness of sensation is raw sensory areas of the cortex
        
        The primary somatosensory cortex has neurons that receive information from the general sensory receptors and from proprioceptors
        
        The neurons then identify the body region being simulated, an ability called spatial discrimination.
        
        The somatosensory association cortex integrates sensory inputs(temperature, pressure, and so forth) relayed to it to produce an understanding of the object being felt
      - The multimodal association cortex receives input from multiple senses and sends outputs to multiple areas
        
        The anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) is involved with intellect, complex learning abilities, recall, and personality
        
        The posterior association area plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and binding different sensory inputs into a understandable whole
        
        The limbic association area provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us
      - The motor areas of the cortex control voluntary movements and lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes
        
        The primary (somatic) motor cortex allows us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles
        
        The premotor cortex helps plan movements by selecting and sequencing basic motor movements into more complex task
        
        The Broca's area has long been considered a special motor speech area that directs the muscles involved in speech production
        
        The frontal eye field controls voluntary movement of the eyes
    - - Association fibers connect different part of the same hemisphere
      - Commissural fibers connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres to function as a coordinated whole
      - Projection Fibers tie the cortex to the rest of the nervous system and to the body's receptors and effectors.
    - - Within it are a large number of nuclei, each having a functional specialty, and each projects fibers to and receive fibers from a specify region of the cerebral cortex
    - - Contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII and projection fibers
    - - contains nuclei of cranial nerves VII-X and X II
  - - - A number of factors influence how and to what extent alcohol affects the brain
        
        how much and how often a person drinks
        
        the age at which he or she first began drinking, and how long he or she has been drinking
        
        his or her general health status
        
        the person's age, level of education, gender, genetic background, and family astray of alcoholism
        
        wether he or she is at risk as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure
        
        Drinking during pregnancy can lead to physical, learning, and behavioral effects in the developing brain, the most serious of which is a collection of symptoms known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
        
        Children with FAS may have distinct facial features such as, skin folds at the corner of the eye, low nasal bridge, short nose, indistinct philtrum, small head circumference, or thin upper lip.
        
        Their brains may have less volume (i.e., microencephaly).
        
        They may have fewer numbers of brain cells (i.e., neurons) or fewer neurons that are able to function correctly,
        
        This leads to long–term problems in learning and behavior.
        
        FAS infants also are markedly smaller than average.