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Local Society (Historical Perspective (Layered (Status as a secondary…

- - - - Fact: Classical Malay port city before
      - Suggests: Development only happened under colonial administration
    - - Fact: Historically self-sufficient in basic food supply
      - Suggests: Importance of relying on people as human resources
    - - Continuation of legacy of British administration (divide and rule)
  - - - Not equivalent of the political career of one man
        
        Described narrowly in material terms
        
        Distinction between a leader’s autobiographical writings and a country’s history
        
        Instead of political dispositions on personality/beliefs, should be understood between ‘issues of discipline/control of a post-migrant society’ and ‘ever-dynamic blueprint for viable independent country’
        
        Choice of time frame
      - Written by people in power
  - - - Necessity of deliberate reshaping of social/political relations
        
        Issue of identity (national/ethnic)
        
        Sociological research shaped by development priorities and state-led actions 1970-1980s, addressing issues related to economic/social reconstruction (housing, population/fertility and urban/industrial restructuring)
        
        Globalisation developing consumer-driven and utilitarian-orientated culture, threatening national/ethnic identities which are essential to national building
- - - - Based on geographical boundaries and sovereignty
    - - Based on descent, shared history or ethnicity
      - Cultural construction: Perceive themselves as citizens, collective interests
      - Imagined community (Benedict Anderson)
        
        Mental image of affinity: Disparate groups can be made to feel like a part of a community/nation despite never coming into contact
    - - Primary
        
        Nation precedes the state
      - Secondary
        
        Statehood precedes the nation
  - - - State-building
        
        Consolidating institutional means to organize and mobilize citizenry
      - Nation-building
        
        Cultivating national identity and fostering bonds among citizens
      - New social order
        
        Public housing
        
        Education and language
        
        Family planning
        
        Industrial-based economy
        
        Disciplined workforce
        
        Sense of competition
        
        Interest in improving living standard
        
        Hegemonic party system
- - - - Race: Phenotypical (physical features) and genotypical (DNA) similarities
        
        Scientifically inaccurate, continuum instead of discrete boundaries and same species
      - Ethnicity: Traditional cultural similarities
        
        Flexible: Absolute (intrinsic), relative and situational
    - - Regime: Top-down
      - Conscious expressions (norms/values/attitudes) resulting in practices
      - Deep-seated regularities and patterns
      - Reflection of economic/technological times (modernity)
      - Peculiarly local (neither ethnic/‘modern’)