61 year-old man suffers a stroke
Anatomy of Brain
Cerebrum
interpreting speech visual taste reasoning touch learning fine motor skills
Frontal Lobe
deals with motor functions personality
Parietal lobe
deals with general sensory functions
Occipital Lobe
deals with visual information and stores visual memories
Temporal Lobe
deals with processing the senses of hearing and smell
Insula
involved in memory and interpretation of taste
Cerebellum
regulates motor movements and assists with equilibrium
Arbor Vitae
helps provide valuable sensory information to brain
Vermis
deals with body posture
Cerebellar hemispheres
helps control muscle movements left controls right side of body and right controls left side of body
Diencephalon
Corpus Collosum
white matter helps with communication between hemispheres
Pineal Gland
endocrine gland helps control melatonin and circadian rhythm
Intermediate mass of the thalamus
connects left and right sides of thalamus
Hypothalamus
controls the release of hormones from pituitary and controls homeostasis
Thalamus
relay center to and from cerebrum filters out sights and sounds
Fornix
white matter tracts carry info in and out of hippocampus
pituitary gland
secretes hormones growth blood pressure and sex hormones
Hippocampus
Brain Stem
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
regulates eye movement
Copra Quadrigemina
acts as a bridge relays info b/t medulla oblongata and higher brain regions
reflex center cardiac and breathing control centers
four bumps involved in visual and auditory reflexes
Brains Meinges
Dura Mater
Pia Mater
Arachnoid Mater
middle layer stringy proteins
most superficial layer attached to bones of skull
deepest thinnest layer attached to out surface of brain
subarachnoid Space
space underneath arachnoid mater holds cerebrospinal fluid
Dural Venous Sinus
space b/t layers of dura mater blood is found
Functional Areas
Primary Motor Cortex(pmc)
involved w/planning control and execution of voluntary movements
gyrus
raised bumps on the surface
Sulcus
small indentations
postcentral gyrus
find the primary sensory cortex
precentral gyrus
find the primary motor cortex
Longitudinal Fissure
deep indentation divides the brain into two hemispheres
Motor Humunculus
distribution of the pmc depicts various body parts and their movements
Motor Speech Area (Broca Area)
regulates breathing and muscle movements involved with vocalization
Frontal Eye Field
controls and regulates eye movements needed for reading
Association Area
coordinate discrete skeletal muscles
premotor cortex (Somatic Motor Association Area)
responsible for coordinating learned skilled motor activities
Primary Sensory Cortex
receives general somatic sensory info from receptors on the skin
Sensory humunculus
devoted to body region that indicates sensory information collected within certain regions
somatosensory association area
integrates sensory info and interprets sensations
Primary Visual Cortex
receives and processes incoming visual info
Visual Association Area
enables the processing visual info by color movement and form and use info to identify the thins we see
Primary Auditory Cortex
Auditory association area
receives and processes auditory info
interpret the characteristics of sound and store memories of sounds
Primary olfactory Cortex
provides conscious awareness of smell
Primary gustatory Cortex
involved with processing taste info
Integrative Functions
Sleep
natural temporary absence of consciousness
deals with making short-term memories to long-term
Amgydala
involves the perception of emotions
Non-REM
REM
Cognition
mental processes awareness knowledge memory perception and thinking
Memory
element of human cognition involving different lengths of time and diff, storage capacities
Sensory memory
form from important associations based on sensory input
Short-Term memory
limited capacity and brief duration
Long-Term Memory
limitless periods of time
Encoding
conversion of STM to LTM
Emotions
expressing the emotions we feel and interpreting others emotions
Language
higher-order processes involving reading writing speaking and understanding words
Angular Gyrus
process of reading words and then speaking them
Wernicke Area
being able to interpret what we hear and read
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve I- Olfactory
sense of smell
Cranial Nerve II- opitic
sense of vision
Cranial Nerve III- Occulomotor
movement of eyeball (Regulates pupil size and lens shape
Cranial Nerve IV- Trachlea
movement of eyeball
Cranial Nerve V- Trigeminal
3 branches collects sensory info from face scalp and teeth regulates contraction of chewing muscles
Cranial Nerve VI- Abducens
movement of eye
Cranial Nerve VII- Fascial Nerve
movement of face nerves sense of tatse
Cranial Nerve VIII Vestibulacochlear
sense of hearing and equilibrium
Cranial Nerve IX- Glossopharyngeal
regulates muscle of tongue and pharynx
Cranial Nerve X-Vagus
collects sensory info from thoracic and abdominal viscera parasympathetic regulation of heart lungs and abdominal organs
Cranial Never XI- Spinal Accessory
regulates contraction of head and neck muscles
Cranial Nerve XII- Hypoglossaleal
regulates contraction of tongue muscles
Stroke
Blood supply is interrupted or stopped from going to the brain
Symptoms
trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying
paralysis or numbness of face arm or leg
problems seeing out of one or both eyes
headache
trouble walking
different symptoms in patients
depends on how long brain lack blood flow and which part was affected
Types
Ischemic Stroke
most common brain's blood vessel become narrow or blocked build up of fatty deposits
Hemorrhagic Stroke
blood vessel in brain leaks or ruptures
Transient Ischemic Stroke
"mini stroke" temp. period of symptoms similar to stroke but has no permanent damage
Different outcomes
outcomes differ from each patient due to their lifestyle before and how they are able to gain back their sense that was lost
Effects of Alcohol on brain
blocks chemical signals between neurons
Slurring of speech
uncoordination
not being able to concentrate
he had a blockage or a narrow in the brain's blood vessel
Stroke has affected frontal lobe of the brain probably on the left hemispere
Heavy alcohol consumption has impaired the liver to form necessary substances for blood clots
killing of brain neurons
if he does extensive rehab he maybe able to gain back some of his lost faculties or maybe all of them it'll depend on how he works toward getting back to his normal life.
if it worsens
he may not be able to walk use his arms or really speak
improves
he maybe able to gain back some mobility and speech
if he keeps drinking, he will be at a higher risk of another stroke and the drinking will impair his rehabilitation to gain back his faculties.