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GE Class Test 2 (NATURAL HAZARDS (TROPICAL CYCLONES (CATEGORIES (1- 74…
GE Class Test 2
NATURAL HAZARDS
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TROPICAL CYCLONES
Evaporation of warm tropical water into giant cumulonimbus clouds that stack to form large columns of air. Air pressure increases causing winds to move outward, clouds begin to spin around the center point.
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CATEGORIES
1- 74-95mph, Some damage and power cuts
2- 96-110mph, Extensive damage.
3- 111-129mph, well built homes suffer
4- 130-156mph, severe damage to homes and trees blown over
5- 157+mph, many buildings destroyed and major roads cut off
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STORM SURGES- Caused when huge volumes of water are pushed by hurricane forced winds, when they meet land water surges inshore.
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Global warming making hurricanes stronger. As there is a relationship between cyclone speed and water temperature
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WILDFIRES
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Fires are burning through peat-land. Peat is decomposed organic matter and is a large natural carbon source. Frozen peatland is drying up and becoming highly flammable.
BLACK CARBON- accelerates melting, with dark soot absorbing sunlight and warming the atmosphere. It can also fall ontop of ice or snow which darkens the surface reducing albedo and trapping heat
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UPHILL MOVEMENT- Fires burn faster uphill as there is less space between flames and new fuel to burn, and radiant heat preheats the fuel in front of a fire making it easier to ignite. FOR EVERY 10DEGC IN UPHILL SLOPE THE SPEED OF A FIRE WILL DOUBLE.
IMPACTS
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More physician and emergency room visits and hospitalizations especially among those with asthma and chronciobstructive disease
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TSUNAMIS
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Caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
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FLOWS
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS- Hot rocks, ash and toxic gas
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LANDSLIDES
TYPES
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CREEP- Soil slowly moved down slope, saturated
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TRANSNATIONAL- Water sits beneath soil and above bedrock. Failure plain. And slides along op of water.
ISSUES RELATED
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If you are poor you lack adaptive capacities. Access to info, wealth, knowledge and skill, infrastructure, access to technology.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE-
The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies.
CLIMATE MODELS
GCM (GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL)- Includes the physics of the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land surface
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ENSEMBLE- A set of simulations using a single GCM or RCM but with slight perturbations in the initial conditions. Sn attempt to average.
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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
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HUMAN IMPACTS- Litter production, increased energy production, increased population
WILDLIFE AND HABITATS- Coral reefs at risk, animal extinction, mangroves destroyed, deforestation
WATER IMPACTS- Increased water intake, water needed for food production, sea level rise
CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERE- tree planting, co2 emissions
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COASTAL COMMUNTIES
HISTORICALLY- viewed as healthy spaces, linked to expansions of train routes, escape from the city
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UNESCO- cultural heritage sites, promote conservation.
WORKING LANDSCAPES- Attempt to regulate processes such as finishing, creates balance between work and the environment.
HIDDEN ILLICIT GEOGRAPHIES- Slavery, piracy, refugees, drug trade, human trafficking, pollution
COASTAL TRADITIONS- Crafts, small scale economies
GREEN HOUSE GASSES
CARBON DIOXIDE(CO2). Carbon recycled by photosynthesis and stored in soil, humans generate greatest amount.
METHANE (CH4). 20% of the enhanced greenhouse effect, natural sources (decaying waste), human sources (paddies, landfills), doubling of ch4 since 1900, methane locked in permafrost.
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O). 6-7% of enhance greenhouse effect, increased due to industrialization, product of fossil fuel burning, fertilizer application.
CFC'S (CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS). 12% of enhanced greenhouse effect, main cause of stratospheric ozone depletion, found in fridges and aerosols, controlled by the Montreal protocol.
TROPOSPHERE OZONE- 15% on the enhanced greenhouse effect, vehicle emissions in large cities. The ozone in the stratosphere is good. Ozone near the ground is bad.
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
1992 EARTH SUMMIT IN RIO- UN framework of the c.c agreement, stabilize the g.h.g emissions
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2015 COP21 PARIS- Hold warming below 2deg, mitigation and adaptation
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ADAPTATION METHODS
SOCIAL- Neighborhood watch, early warning systems
ECOSYSTEM BASED ADAPTATION- Green roofs, bioswales, oyster beds, wetland restoration
POLICY- Emergency evacuation plans, land use zoning, facility relocation
ENGINEERING- Flood protection, sea walls, dykes and levees, elevation of initial infrastructure, porous pavement.
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SOCIAL ISSUES
AUSTRALIA- More bush fires, significant increase in temps, water resources
PLASTICS IN THE OCEANS- 6 times more plastic in oceans then plankton, wildlife consume micro plastics, which absorb toxins.
SOILS- Erosion and water logging, acidification
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES- Mental health, obesity, inequality, food prices,
CHALLENGES- intentional destruction, appropriation of ownership, limiting space for different kinds of solutions, unintentional interconnected outcomes
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CLIMATE- Is the average weather at a point. summaries by reference to temp, wind, rain, humidity
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MITIGATION- Actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit the magnitude or rate of climate change.
ADAPTATION- Dealing with the consequences, actions to reduce risks posed by the consequences of climate change.
SUSTAINABILITY- The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. Avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance.