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Civics and Citizenship (Concepts (Democratic Values (Respect (Treating…

- - - - Citizens meeting together to make laws for their society.
    - - Representatives are elected to make laws on our behalf. Citizens over the age of 18 are required to vote in state and federal elections It is optional to vote in local elections.
  - - - Treating others with consideration and valuing their view, beliefs and rights.
    - - Rights and privileges for all, without discrimination's based on gender, race, religion, age, sexual orientation or level of education. All citizens have the right to the same opportunities.
    - - All people are treated fairly or without injustice and are given an equal opportunity
        
        Also known as a 'fair go' in Australia.
    - - Rights, privileges and responsibilities for all without interference or control from other citizens or government.
  - - - Consisting of two chambers or houses, that is elected by the people to make laws on their behalf. Citizens vote for members of the parliament in free and fair elections and all laws must be passed by a majority (over half) of the representatives in both houses.
    - - To act as the head of state and hold various powers including: being required to give final approval to all laws made by the parliament. The sovereign or crown also has a ceremonial role, including representing the country at national and international events.
      - In Australia our federal and state government are modelled on The Westminster System
  - - - A moral or legal entitlement to do or have something.
      - the right to vote - protection against acquisition of property on unjust terms - the right to trial by jury - the right to freedom of religion - protection against discrimination.
    - - The opportunity or ability to act independently and take decisions without authorisation.
      - voting in elections - jury service - pay taxes - obeying the law.
- - - - 1/4 of our total population is born overseas
    - - We have a variety of systems, structures and laws designed to ensure that all members of our society can live together in a united, safe and peaceful manner.
      - Australia's system of government
        
        laws are made by the parliament, a parliament is a group or assembly of representatives who have been elected by the people to make laws on their behalf. Their tasks include:
        
        Making new laws and altering existing laws so they reflect the views and values of the majority of the people and benefit the society - discussing and debating matters that affect the vote - examines problems that exist within the society - reviewing perceiving injustices in the law.
      - A federal system of government
        
        A federal system means that the nation is divided into states, each of which has its own parliament that is responsible for making laws for the residents in that state.
        
        There is also one central or federal parliament, which has the power to make laws that apply to the entire country.
        
        In addition to the state parliaments three territories have been given the power by the commonwealth parliament to have their own elected parliament. (ACT, NT and Norfolk Island)
        
        Each state and the NT also have local governments, they have been given the power to make local laws (by-laws) and provide services.
    - - Federal
        
        Government that effects the whole nation.
        
        Currency, defence, marriage, Australian Citizenship's, customs and border protection.
      - State
        
        Government that effects the states.
        
        Health services, water, electricity, public transport, primary and secondary education.
      - Local
        
        Governments that only effect locally such as the Shire of Kalamunda
        
        local infrastructure, recreational facilities, aged-care facilities, child-care facilities.
  - - - Liberal Democracy, aims to protect individuals rights an freedoms, and place limits on the level of government control or interference.
      - We have laws that: protect our broad right to freedom of speech, protect our basic right to freedom of assembly and expression, limit individuals from behaving in an offensive or indecent manner in public.
    - - Responsible government, government must be accountable to the people. This means that the governments must be able to justify their actions and decisions to the voters. This is achieved through parliamentary question time and emailing or visiting your local members office. Any member of government who acts in a dishonourable manner has a duty to resign from their position.
    - - our governments must not abuse or make laws beyond their power.
        
        Separation of powers
        
        no single group or body within our parliamentary system has power over both the political and legal systems. Three main powers at federal level consist of.
        
        Executive power the power to administer or implement the law - held by the Governor General and the Prime Minister and Senior Minister.
        
        Legislative power the power to make the law - held by the parliament
        
        Judicial power the power to apply and interpret the law - held by the courts and allows them to enforce the law and settle disputes.
      - the three powers are separated in the Australian constitution, in practice, the legislative and the executive are combines. The judiciary remains independent. the parliament have the power and administer the laws, but they don't have the power to apply and interpret the law. The courts do this. Our judges resolve disputes without outside influence and can remain impartial, the courts can act as a checking system and makes sure that the government does not make any laws beyond its power
  - - - The constitution states that - the commonwealth parliament must consist of two houses and the crown that is, the Queen who is represented by the Governor General. The lower house of commonwealth parliament is called The house of representatives and the upper house is called the Senate. All laws made by the commonwealth parliament must be passed or approved by a majority of members in both houses of parliament and the crown.
      - The House of Representatives
        
        Consists of 150 members, democratically elected by voters who live in one of the 150 designated areas called electorates, electorates are determined in proportion to population size. the house of representatives consists of members who can represent the views values and desires of the people from all around the country thus it is often called the 'people's house'. serve three year terms.
        
        Main role - determine the government of the day, discuss, debate and scrutinise proposals for creating and changing commonwealth laws.
      - The Senate
        
        76 members, with 12 members being elected from each of the 6 states and 2 elected members from each of the mainland territories. in theory the senate equally represents the views, values and interests of each state In Australia. senators serve 6 year terms.
        
        Main role - represent the interests of the state, initiatives discuss and review new laws as most laws commence in the lower house, the senate acts as 'house of review'
      - The Governor General
        
        Main role - grant royal assent or give final approval on behalf of the Queen for a bill to become an act of parliament or law. perform ceremonial duties, they may also end the term of parliament and call a new federal election if both houses fail to agree over the passing of a significant law.
- - - - National, Provincial, District (city) levels
        
        each of the parliaments at each level of government is selected by the people to make laws on their behalf and elections are held once every 5 years on the same day. National and Provincial elections are on the same day makes it challenging. enrolments must be finalised and ballot papers must be printed and distributed throughout each of the provinces including remote and isolated places.
    - - people's consultative assembly, responsible for making laws. consists of 2 houses, the lower house is the People's representative council often referred to as the house of representatives which consists of 560 seats or members. the upper house is the regional representative council which consists of 132 seats. it differs from a two house or bicameral systems in that a bill or proposed law does not have to be passed by both houses to become a law. the final power to make and change laws is held solely by the people's representatives council.
    - - Indonesia's system of government is based on the separation of powers
        
        no one group or body can ever hold each of the three main branches of power in the Indonesian parliamentary system
        
        the power to make the law: the national, provincial and district parliaments who are elected by the people in parliamentary elections every 5 years.
        
        the power to administer the law: the president who is elected as the head of the Indonesian government in a separate presidential elections held a few months after the parliamentary elections.
        
        the power to apply and interpret the law: the courts and judges
  - - - Freedom of movement - within the population, they are able and willing to move from their residence
      - freedom of religion - religious groups are required to register with the government or face fines
    - - the constitution of Vanuatu is supreme law and sets out the legal framework
      - Convention against torture (CAT) - convention on the rights of child (CRC) - conventions on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW)
    - - the fire arms act (1988) it is an offense to possess purchase or acquire small arms or ammunition without a firearms license issued by local police.
    - - on the 22nd of January Vanuatu holds a general elections, people who are 18 and above can vote and require a voter card, a unicameral parliament (having single legislative chamber) the people elect their members by voting for one candidate there are 52 members of parliament first-past-the-post voting is used the elections are free and fair the general parliamentary elections are every five years.