Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
tumor (risk factors (smocking (tobacco components that are carcinogens),…
tumor
risk factors
alcohol
liver cancer
mouth/ throat/ larynx /esophagus cancers
aging
chronic inflammation
releasing chemicals over a long period of time may lead to DNA damage which cause cancer
radiation
UV light
X-rays
nuclear radiation
viruses
HPV
cervical cancer
EBV
lymphoma/nasopharyngeal cancer
helicobacter pylori
stomach cancer
HHV-8
kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes-virus in HIV patients
overweight
smocking (tobacco components that are carcinogens)
arsenic
formaldehyde
phenol
benzopyrene
vinyl chloride
other carcinogens
which affect the body systems
metastasis
intravasation
extravasation
invasion
migration
detachment
primary tumor
angiogenesis
second tumor
thus providing ways for treatment
diagnosis
biopsy
X-rays
physical examination
urinalysis
fine needle aspiration
also by detecting the
principles of cancer management
people responsible to deliver the treatment
surgeons
histopathologist
oncologists
radiologist
medical doctors
nurses
multidisciplinary team
intention of the treatment
curative
treat the cancer completely
palliative
cancer cannot be cured so we control the symptoms
treatments available
radiotherapy
medical therapy
targeted therapy
hormone therapy
chemotherapy
immunotherapy
surgery
the order of the treatment
neo-adjuvant
before the main treatment to shrink the tumor cells
e.g radiotherapy or chemotherapy
primary
main treatment
e.g surgery
adjuvant
after the primary treatment to make sure the tumor wont reoccur again
e.g adjuvant chemotherapy
one of the common treatments is
epithelial tumors
glandular cells
adenocarcinoma
breast cancer
prostate cancer
transitional cells
urinary system carcinoma
squamous cell
squamous cell carcinoma
skin cancer
due to the
genetic basis of neoplasia
proto oncogen
become an oncogene when damaged
beta-catinin
tumor suppressor genes
genes protect against tumor
P53
retinoblastoma
APC
DNA repair gene
fix mistakes during DNA replication
BRCA-1
BRCA-2
its mutation may lead to breast cancer
NER enzyme
its mutation lead to xeroderma pigmentosa
which lead to cancer
epidemiology of cancer
globally cancer is the second most cause of death
in 2018 there were 2.6 million deaths
common in low or middle countries
70%
cancer was the leading cause of death in Abu-Dhabi in 2012
by helping to provide statistics
benign Vs malignant
benign
expansion within a capsule
tissue compression/ hormonal imbalance/ obstruction of tubes
slow rate of growth
doesn't spread
no reoccurance
nomenclature: add the suffix -oma
malignant
expansion and infiltration without a capsule
metastasis
fast rate of growth
spread
might be reoccurance
worse prognosis
nomenclature: adding the suffix sarcoma in mesenchymal and carcinoma in epithelial tissue
if it is malignant it spread
tumor markers
proteins or genes that are present in the cancerous tissue or circulating
used to
select an appropriate treatment
diagnose, stage and classify cancer type
estimate prognosis
examples
AFP
liver cancer
CEA
stomach cancer
colon cancer
others
PSA
prostate cancer
HER2
breast cancer
the tumor could be either
grading and staging of neoplasia
staging
refers to the size and extend of the original tumor and whether or not cancer cells have spread in the body
grading
description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cells look under a microscope
the tumor could be well-differentiated or poorly-differentiated
that can be detected
principles of chemotherapy
it is toxic to rapidly growing cells even if it is normal
for example hair/bone marrow
combination is likely will be effective if they act on different phases of cell cycle
anti-cancer drugs
action on mitotic spindle
action on steroid hormone receptors
act on DNA
follow up management
blood test and other lab tests
imaging procedures
medical check-ups
thus lowering the incidence and prevalence of cancer
effect of cancer on the body
such as
skin
skin changes like in kaposi's sarcoma
nervous system
cancer may press on nearby nerves and cause pain and loss of function /problems like loss of balance, vision problems, headache
heart
damage heart valve
one of the common cells affected
cancer registry
system made for procedures of the data (collection/storage/management)
used for
cancer control and management
epidemiology research
cancer prevention
to lower the risk factors as much as possible
Mohammad Abdulla
U18101843