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*Comparative anatomy 8) senses (sound production (audition (-pinna…
*Comparative anatomy
8) senses
sound production
sound wave
-displacement waves
-pressure wave
methods of production
-stridulation
-vibration
audition
-pinna (external ear)
-tympanic membrane (ear drum)
=pressure waves from sound
-ossicles
-organ of corti =true receptor of hearing
sound wave, human hearing
insect ear
-tympanal orans
-johnston's organ
-satae
-labral pilifer
bat sonar
-using echolocation
-bats emits ultrasonic waves with high frequencies
-sounds are reflected in the environment,
hitting various objects and returning to the bat as echoes
senses
-sight
-hearing
-taste
-smell
-touch
-movement, balance, acceleration= stretch receptors
-temperature
-pain
How
sensory input->integration->motor output
-sensory input=detecting stimuli,
transmitting information to the integration center
-information is processed
-the response is conveyed to an an effector organ
via the motor output
sense organ
->sensory receptor cell (special molecules)
->neurons or non-neural epithelial cells
->central nervous system
CNS involvement in the senses
-intensity and quality of signal
-receptor specialists
-certain brain areas involved
sensory reception
-receptor cell converts stimulus energy into sensory signal
to create a receptor potential
-sensory reception encoding when reaches CNS
photoreception
-response of a sensory cell to a light energy
-converted to receptor potential
photoreceptive organs
=eyes (specialised)
=receptors spread over skin (earthworms)
eyes
light orientating eyes
-eye spot
-pinhole eye
-refracting lenses
image forming eyes
-multiple lenses in series (compound)
-vertebrate eye
photoreceptor cells
nocturnal
-rods
Diurnal
-cones
photosensititive membrane
photoreceptor cells contain
photopigment rhodopin
(all-trans retinal +opsin)
How vertebrate eye works
the compound eye of an invertebrate
-have many tiny lenses with one lens
per ommatidium or eye subunit
-focus on a few light, sensitive cells without any adjustment
chemorecption
olfaction receptors- smelling
gustation receptors- taste
-specialised chemoreceptive organs and receptors
-smell is dominant sense for most terrestrial animals
olfactory receptors
moths
-third segment of each antenna
-lobsters -on antennules
-vertebrates- in nasal passage
Insect basiconic sensillum
odour generalist and adour specialist cells
Pores-> tubules
dendritic shaft bathed in sensillar lymph
-ordorant dissolves
-binds to receptor proteins
-activate AP
mammalian olfactory epithelium
odour generalist cells
flehman/ forked tongues
-secondary olfactory system
-vomeronasal organ
gustatory receptors
terrestrial vertebrates:
-taste buds
-oral cavity and pharynx, especially tongue
-on tongue located in pits or an papillae
insect taste receptors on body
eg. feet of houseflies
Sea robin fish has receptors at tip of fins
insect taste
mammal taste bud