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Migration, Identity and Sovereignty (Lesson 1 - How has globalisation led…
Migration, Identity and Sovereignty
Lesson 1 - How has globalisation led to migration
The global migration system is dynamic, as people are always migrating for different reasons, most commonly for: education, work and safety
Migration can be forced or voluntary
Societies need migrants to thrive and grow
Existing citizens often feel threatened or suspicious of newcomers who are seen as competition for jobs, benefits, education and housing
Globalisation
- is the process by which the world is becoming better interconnected as a result of massively increasing trade and cultural change
Economic systems
- Are the means by which countries and governments distribute resources and trade goods and services
They are used to control the fives factors of production:
Labour
Entrepreneurs
Capital
Physical resources
Information resources
China
The Hukou system
This is restriction that are designed to keep poorer people in rural areas to prevent slum settlements occuring in their cities
It meant that people had to purchase an expensive permit to move from a rural area to an urban area
In most cases it would be a man who would leave behind their family to move to the city, and without a hukou permit their families would not be entitled to: education or healthcare
The permit was only permanent if the individual was highly educated
Now that china has a major manufacturing industry it is said that the Hukou system is too restrictive and will limit the amount of workers there will be available
Rural agriculture
They worry that if agriculture is privatised then farmers will sell their land and move to urban areas, this could lead to the upcoming of slum settlements
They have also said that during the financial crisis where 20 million people lost their job the one thing that prevented some people from taking to the streets was their ability to go back to the rural areas they are from and till their land
International scale - The schengen agreement
This allows people to freely move around europe
There are 26 members, 22 of these are EU member, 4 are non EU member
The UK was against joining this due to the rise of extreming in europe and other security risks, so when you fly into the Uk your passport will be checked
Case study - Polish migration to the UK
Pull factors
: NHS, Employment opportunities, Better education
Push Factors
: Low average wages, War and political conflicts, Famine and food shortages
In 2016 there was 911,000 polish born people living in the UK
Impacts on the UK:
Some polish migrants were exploited, although they would earn the minimum wage a lot of their income would be deducted for basic human needs like accommodation and food
Tensions forming from ethnic enclaves in areas that have not previously experienced this, leading to anti polish graffiti and annoyance in schools as extra english lessons were being offered to non fluent students
Lesson 2 - Global variations
Main factors that affect migration patterns:
Demand for labour
Political strain
Natural disasters
War
Migration used to be solely based around developed cities like New York, but with globalisation cities like Mumbai see lots of migration
Case studies
Japan
Position on migration
- They have very strict rules on migration which makes if difficult for people to enter
Reason for position
- The acquisition of Japanese citizenship by resident foreigners is seen as an exclusive goal as less than 1% achieve it
Future Challenges
- By 2060 it is predicted there will be three workers for every two retirees, this is causing concerns about the country's future workforce and suggesting they should loosen their restrictions on migration
Singapore
Position on migration
- They allow foreign migration
Reason for position
- This is due to the growth of their financial centre ,which has become the fourth largest in the world, as well as many businesses locating their head offices here
Future Challenges
- As the country is an all urban population there is concerns that as the population grows there will be increased pressure on services like healthcare and education but also infrastructure like housing and dense population
Australia
Position on migration
- They have very restricted migration and only allow migrants on a skill basis to fill shortages, they also tend not to let in migrants over the age of 50
Reason for position
- They operate a point system for economic migrants, they also have selected migrants based upon their ethnicity which has been labeled the 'White Australia' policy
Future Challenges
- They have an ageing population which is only kept down by their economic migrants who tend to be young which is unsustainable as they are so strict on migration
The UK
Migration policies have become stricter since 2010 as an election pledged to reduce net migration
An example of stricter rules is - A British citizen must earn at least £18,600 if they wish to bring their spouse to the UK
The UK's main sources of migrants
The Commonwealth
- In 1945 the NHS needed workers so Afro Caribbean, Indian and Pakistani workers were brought over to support the service
The EU
- They are very useful for filling skills shortages as they are the second largest economy in the world, 9 out of the 10 countries where the UK's most migrants came from were EU nations. But the EU has also provided non skilled workers for UK as well as skilled. There are future concerns over EU migration since the UK votes BREXIT
Changes in global patterns in migration
Economic
- during the 2007-09 financial crisis net migration from countries like Poland fell significantly, this alerted countries to treat globalisation with more care as economic systems can be unstable
Environmental
- Climate change is already forcing refugees to leave regions where agriculture is threatened, for example Syrian refugees from desertification which had increased rural poverty
Political
- New conflicts can trigger unexpected diversity within global migration. On many occasions since the second world war, political regime changes has prompted ethnic groups to flee states
Between 3&4% of the world population lives outside of their country of birth
Politics plays a huge role in migration as some nations may need to adopt liberal migration rules, this can affect inward investment from TNC's as they may want to transfer staff
Lesson 3 - What causes migration and how does this challenge nation
1948 - British nationality act
: British nationality was refined to encourage colonial residents to help with post war construction
1962 - Commonwealth immigration act:
: legislation was passed to reduce the amount of commonwealth migrants
Not all immigrants coming to the UK are refugees
- A lot of people are coming to the country to fulfill skill shortages, these high numbers reflect unemployment and the low wages offered in eastern europe
Open borders and immigration
immigration is controversial and can cause resentment within a host population
some migrants become victims of: violence, exploitation, and hostility from press
extreme political parties are becoming increasing significant in europe (e.g. France's national front)
since 2014 huge numbers of syrian refugees and economic migrants have caused tensions in greece and other balkan areas
Case study - Mediterranean
in 2016 alone 4,900 people were killed attempting to cross this sea
boats are extremely cramped and in poor condition (once 134 people were rescued for a single rubber boat)
smugglers are becoming more ruthless than ever before, with people being left in ditches for weeks before they are forced onto a boat where there are no life jackets or basic resources like food
Syrian refugees are the most common nationality in the EU
Germany have received the most applications and have so far accepted the most refugees out of all european countries , they accepted 450,000 in 2016 alone
The EU has has agreed help the Libyan government find coastguards to prevent irregular migration. They also established controlled areas where migrants can be held to prevent them from entering europe
Schools have to promote british values:
democracy
rule of law
individual liberty
mutual respect
tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs
Problems of migration for developed nations
higher population density
traffic congestion
higher taxes
higher spending on public services
stress on housing, education and health
wages could stagnate
there can be cultural differences leading to conflict
National identity
Definition - a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, represented by distinctive trends, culture and language
when a nation is multicultural it is more difficult to have a national identity
The theory of globalisation is based on economic freedoms known as
liberalism
. In more recent forms (a belief in free flows of people, capital and trade) is known as
neoliberalism
Lesson 4 - What are the regional flows of migration within the UK and the EU
retirement
- flows to rural places
movement of north to south
- london drawing in high skilled labour
Movement of people from cities to suburbs
- families for bigger homes
Case study - Manchester
Inflows: 18-20 year old move here for universities, makes up for 25% of inflows
Outflows: 22 year olds are leaving after they finish university, but some are staying for work
The north is a magnet for students but are losing too many graduates
London had a net reduction of every other age group except those between 20-29 which gave london an overall population increase
Rural areas in the north are most popular for inward migration
people are not attracted to the north's urban areas and instead are moving there for the rural areas and will then travel into work
Is internal migration in the UK high
2.9 million movers in 2014, but this is lower than north america, oceania and scandinavia
Countries that are likely to have higher internal migration are:
higher population of young people
more developed country with greater urbanisation, high labour force and high income per capita
have a higher level of net international migration
Lesson 5 - what is assimilation and where has it worked
assimilation
- the eventual adoption of cultural traits belonging to the host or majority community by a migrant or minority community
some immigrants assimilate quickly:
they already speak the native language of the host nation
duration of residency
some groups may choose not to assimilate due to places of worship becoming a hub for diaspora groups, like mosques and religions with certain dietary requirements cause clusterings of people, like halal butchers
moving to be with family can be a barrier to assimilation, for example in norway the pakistani community the proportion of cousin marriages is higher than in pakistan itself
Ethnic segregation
- the voluntary or enforced segregation of people of different cultures or nationalities
south africa - even after almost three decades of equal rights, people of different ethnicities tend to live apart
London - UK
- in the east of london the most asian people can be found, this is because in areas like brixton they were brought in to drive london's buses and since then there has been places of worship and leisure facilities for the migrant groups that keep them in the area they have settled in
Assimilation Case study: Britain
One issue is that a lot of indigenous white people are not accepting immigrants as british rather than them refusing to classify themselves as british
British assimilation is higher than USA
Some cultures assimilate more quickly than others, for instance muslims do so quicker than italians
How an influx of migrants helped britain post war
They helped fill skill shortages, like the 500 men who arrived from jamaica
The british nationalities act gives all commonwealth citizens free entry to the UK
By 1971 there was 170,000 jamaicans, 300,000 indians, and 600,000 irish who lived within britain
Assimilation Case study: Germany
Germany needs migrants as germany people are not having enough children, so migrants are having to fill skill shortages
50% of germans believe that there are too many migrants
Names affect your employment, for instance if you have a german name then you are more likely to be employed than someone with a turkish name
Salad bowl
- people keep their individuality yet and heritage yet mix well with others
Melting pot
- means the individual will not adapt their identity no matter how long they have lived there
Factors that affect the rate of assimilation
: bicultural marriages, success/ level of education, ability to look for a job, how heavily they rely on social security benefits, housing quality, speed at which they can learn the language, average wages
Lesson 6 - How and why is migration contested in certain places
Japan's issues
they have economic issues as they have a majority elderly population that is having to be supported by a small amount of younger people who work
they have low migration due to their strict regulations on migration as they do not want to affect their harmonised economy
yet the public opinion agrees with this and they believe a resolution is to make the elderly work longer
The US and migration
migrants make up 13.5% of the population
11.6 million of migrants are from mexico
in 2016, 45% of migrants where from hispanic or latino origins
22% of americans do not speak english as their first language - of this 62% speak spanish
US - Mexico wall
Trump said the wall would cost $8 billion but economists said it would actually cost between $15-25 billion
Trump also states that mexico will pay for the wall, as they will reimburse the US
In a poll conducted, it was said that more Americans supported immigration than those who opposed it
Lesson 7 - How do migration policies compare in different countries
New Zealand immigration system
- To be considered you need at least 100 points, but due to the current high volume of applicants only those with 160 or above will be accepted
UK immigration system
- Have a tier based system
Tier 1
- high value migrants that have exceptional talent from outside the EEA
Tier 2
- skilled workers from outside the EEA with a job offer in the UK, including workers transferred by international companies, these are limited to 21,700 per year
Tier 3
- low skilled workers filling temporary labour shortages (no visas)
Tier 4
- Students aged over 16 outside the EEA, who are placed at a UK establishment
Tier 5
- temporary workers, allows young people to have working holidays in the UK
Examples of worldwide border controls:
UK
- restrictions against france due to immigration from the jungle camp
USA
- restrictions against cuba over territorial disputes and mexico due to immigration and smuggling
China
- restrictions against north korea over territorial disputes
Case study: Australia
most are skilled workers
need 65 points
mixture of professional workers get 60 points e.g. accountants
lower skills gain 40 points e.g. youth workers
points are given for ages, english proficiency and qualifications
those with job offers have preference
Case study: Singapore
Applicants are either :
foreign workers (semi skilled or unskilled workers e.g. manufacturing or construction) from places such as china and SE asia
foreign talents (degree educated workers in the knowledge economy) from places such as SE asia, Europe, NZ, USA and Australia
The ability to migrate depends on
skills, wealth, and opportunity
wealth
- can be helpful when trying to illegally enter a country as they can easily afford the smuggling fee, for instance to illegally migrate from Mexico to the USA it will cost anywhere from $4,000-$10,000. Also those being smuggled across the mediterranean sea will usually be charged their entire life savings in an attempt to get to the UK
Opportunities
- can be important like the presence of an international border, for instance within the EU people can move freely. If you have established and settled family members in your destination country it makes the process easier
Case study: North Korea
you cannot leave or move around the country without the regimes permission
to travel inside the country you would need to obtain permission from your work unit
if you don't live in pyongyang, the showcase area and where most resources are concentrated, access will be denied
people are forcefully relocated to less favourable areas as punishment
Lesson 8 - States and the processes that shape them
Sovereign state
- is when the nation is united by factors such as language, culture and customs which bring a sense of national identity
Nation states
change and vary over time, and vary with geographical location, historical even and population migration
Some nations do not physically exist, but their identity does. For example Kurdish territories in turkey, iran, iraq and syria
As new nation states were established, borders were introduced for political, ethical or physical reasons. These borders are often contested
Case study: Iceland
Physical barriers like the sea makes it harder to access for immigrants
all childrens names must be selected from a list that has been approved by the government
8.9% of their population is born overseas
between 2003-2007 10,000 men and 4,000 women moved to iceland for job opening during their economic expansion
There is a very culturally strong within iceland, such as there being very few mncs so little foreign food is consumed as they would rather eat their traditional cuisine
Homogenous mixture of descendents of Norse and Celts 94%, population of foreign origin is 6%
The UK's ethnicity breakdown
: 92% white, 2% black, indian 1.8%, pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, and other 1.6%
Lesson 9 - Border around the world
Natural broders
- There are physical features that create natural obstacles
niagara river between canada and the usa
pyranse between spain and france
Colonial history and political intervention
14 countries met in berlin for a conference in 1884-85 to discuss the division of africa
at the time the continent was under indegenous control, but by the end it had been split up into 50 separate countries
And people had no say over their homeland in negotiations
Conflicts caused by borders that don't take ethnic groups into account:
Case study - Rwanda
Before the berlin conference was a united region between the hutu and tutsi who resolves conflicts between elders
Germany originally claimed the area but it was then taken over by belgium after WW1
belgians favoured the tutsi due to their lighter skin as a result they got better jobs and education than the hutus
they gained independence in 1962 after the hutus rebelled against the tutsi, which led to the death of thousands of tutsis and them fleeing
Lesson 10 - why are borders contested and what problems can this lead to
Case study: Taiwan/ china contested border
after the taiwan election the first female president was elected and they voted to become independent
china did not like this as they used to run taiwan and they said if this independence push continues then their will be economic and military sanctions
As a result it is still contested
Case study: Russia and Ukraine contested border
This conflict is based around the ownership of crimea
Russia used to own crimea as it had ports there, but during the soviet union it was given to Ukraine, after the collapse of the soviet union Russia invaded and reclaimed it
in 2014 there was a rushed referendum to decide the ownership of crimea, many ukrainians were deported from crimea prior to the vote, as a result the people voted for it to be apart of russia
But due to the manner it was voted in the UN still considers it part of Ukraine
Independence case studies
Vietnam
landless people worked on plantations and often lacked food, healthcare and education, cash crops replacing domestic subsidence crops made them even poorer
They reclaimed their country from France but it was split into 2 with the north being controlled by communist china, whilst the south was non communist rule and supported by US troops
Used to be apart of French Indochina, it was split into two of those with and without land
A war then emerged with the north wanting a unified Vietnam under their control, after 1-4 million Vietnamese people were killed, the south was defeated and the country was unified
Sudan and South Sudan
Britains influence led to a more prosperous south and plotted the two against each other, the south felt left out of development
In 2017 a civil war which is one of africas longest running conflicts led to 2 million people being displaced
Was divided into northern and southern territories based on ethnic characteristic, britain and egypt modernised the mainly arab north, whilst the south which is mainly black consists of tribal communities
Thousands were displaced due to an offensive against areas held by the opposition, food supplies were cut off, and famine was declared affecting over 1 million people
Lesson 11 - Nationalism, colonialism and the modern world
casualty
- the complex causes of the emergence of nation states
identity
- how people identity with a nation state is relatively recent
imperialism
- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonialism, use of military force or other means
Nation states
History
People never used to identify themselves with nationality and instead identified with their surroundings
as a result rules and traditions varied between regions and rulers which were defined by alliances or family
Emergence of europe's nation states
By the end of the 19th century most of the european states that we know today had emerged
They created economic and political ties by the 20th century and early 21st, this reduced the need for national borders
E.G. In the EU 28 member states share political, economic and legal ties
Nationalism
Based on peoples identification with a nation - a belief that they share common identity, language and history that bind them together
E.G. French revolution
a new national government made laws that applied to everyone equally
loyalty towards france grew and a national identity emerged
Removed the absolute power of french monarchy placing power back into the hands of the citizens
People worry about nationalism and how it can lead to empire or conflicts, this happened in europe and their nationalism extended out of europe to overseas to places like africa
Imperialism
- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonisation and the use of military
Colonialism
- the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying its settlers and exploiting its economy
Case study: The british empire
In 1800's 1/3 of land and 1/4 of the world's population was controlled by this
used to spread the english language, laws, customs, arts and sports
in 1857 internal tensions caused a rebellion against the east indian company, then the british government took complete control as a result, and in return for their support during WW1 they were promised a form of self government
Lesson 12 - What role has nationalism played in the development of the modern world
Post colonialism
Migration
After the second world war there was mass labour migration to western nations to fill skill shortages, such as Caribbean's to Britain
Colonial legacy
European named places in Africa still remain from along with architecture as well as customs and languages
E.G. In Uganda there as 40 different ethnic groups, yet English still remains the the national language
Ethnic changes and heterogeneity
After the Caribbean movement to Britain Indian and Pakistani's followed, to fill a mixture of skilled roles liked doctors and some unskilled roles like textiles
A modern world
The most recent example of neo colonialism is digital language, english is the most common digital language
African nations are still disconnected from the internet with the least users, whilst europe are the biggest users
People are now choosing to speak english, with 1.5 billion people learning it as a second language
There is now 1.39 billion Chinese speaker
Moving from western nations to India
India's economy is growing faster than Britain's and the US's which makes it very enticing for businesses to enter
Skilled individuals are coming to India and apply their skills here
Increased westernisation has made this transition easier and more comfortable
In 1991 it all changed for India as they opened up its economy to the world after years of protectionism and economic crisis, they slashed tariffs, their middle class emerged and poverty plummeted
Lesson 13 - Tax havens
Examples of tax havens
Luxembourg
- extremely low tax on money flowing in and out of the country at around 1%
Cayman islands
- theses are several countries that allow corporations to be formed and retain assets without paying tax
Jersey
- there is no inheritance or capital gains tax and corporate tax of 0%
Puerto rico
- income tax is easily avoided, and you will end up paying only 4% if you stay there 6 months per year
What is a tax haven
an estimated $21-$32 trillion worth of private financial wealth is located in slightly or untaxed countries
tax havens has crippled african nations as their wealth is held by a few wealthy individuals
tax evasion has crippled some wealthier countries after years of not paying the necessary amount of tax, like greece
Uses of tax havens:
hide criminal activity liek tax evasion and money laundering
to conduct cheaper business
avoiding paying tax
How has globalisation led to the formation of new states?
The UK controls a third of the worlds tax havens
Some support tax havens as they encourage investment and boost employment
But they are contested as they deprive nations of revenue, which can reduce some people's quality of life, in addition it just allow them to be more profitable
Ireland is a host to many of the worlds biggest companies due to their lower tax rates at 12.5%, these companies include: Apple, Google
Players
Expat living in tax havens
- They are for tax havens as they bring more career opportunities to these areas
CEO of TNC
- They will be for tax havens as they allow a business to be more profitable
Government ministers in offshore tax havens
- most governments and NGOs such as the world bank accept the growth of tax havens
Anti tax avoidance campaigner
- They will be against tax havens as they want MNC's to pay the right amount of tax for the country they operate in
Lesson 14 - How are governments combating some income inequalities
Growing global inequality
8 men own the same amount of wealth as the poorest half of the world
stability is damaged by inequality
oxfam reports that 68 billionaires have the same wealth as 3.6 billion people
These facts have led to countries rejecting typical western models and favour alternative development pathways
The elephant graph
Is said to represent the incomes within a region or economy
Criticisms
only taking into account tax paid
some informal jobs will not be accounted for
tax can also be manipulated due to government corruption
Case study: Youngstown
GM motors used to employ 20,000 people within the area but relocated jobs to cheaper nations like china
this led to many people moving away and the area becoming derelict
Youngstown needs to shift along with changes, as an area 70 miles away is thriving with lots of young educated people moving there. This change has been gradually seen with hipster coffee shops opening
Case study: Bolivia
they nationalised resources like oil and gas, so profits would go to the government so it could then be reinvested rather than it just going to a MNC's shareholders
Benefits of this
Increased gas and electric connection and telecommunication
improved healthcare and education as well as income and pensions
reduced wealth inequality and government debt
president evo morales was elected in 2006 and turned against privatisation after 20 years
Its economy used to be terrible but is now one of the fastest growing
Lesson 15-16 - What is the importance of the UN
The UN
It was the first IGO, it originally was created to develop the peaceful use of atomic energy and eliminate weapons of mass destruction.
It was introduced by president roosevelt during ww2
The roles of the UN are:
promoting sustainable development
protecting human rights
maintaining international peace and security
upholding international law
delivering humanitarian aid
Some of the work that the UN has done is:
declared human rights
provided humanitarian aid during the ebola outbreak
environment conference
Successes:
Protecting the galopean islands
- this conservation has brung tourism which has benefited the economy as well as protected the environment, this has become the benchmark for over 1,000 other heritage sites
Peace
- far less people are dying from conflicts due to peacekeeping, worldwide fewer people died during the 21st century than any in decade in the 20th century
Case studies of actions the UN has taken
Bosnia
The UN intervened by placing the muslims in a small town protected by dutch peacekeepers, but they were outnumbered by the bosnian serbs who killed and deported the muslims
Accused of ethnic cleansing against the bosnian muslims by the bosnian serbs
USA
The UN originally supported this attack by later rescinded this as their involvement was proved wrong
This was an example of unilateral action where multiple nations including the US invaded Iraq after suspicions from 9/11
Iran
They had an embargo placed on oil exports, and they are the 4th largest oil exporter
Their GDP only fell 5%
were accused of attempting to build nuclear weapons
UK
But in order to do so they would need five votes from permanent members which looked unlikely
The UK government later voted against their intervention
The UK wanted to find a solution to chemical weapons used by the Syrian government
Russia
sanctions made by the US were not too drastic due to their reliance on their oil and gas
there was economic impacts on russia like their currency value dropping, but they responded by banning imported foods from the US and EU which reduced their income and grow their own farming industry
When russia forcefully reclaimed crimea their overseas financial assets were frozen and were prevented from travelling to those areas
Lesson 17 - How do IGO's control the global economy
SAP's (Structural adjustment programs)
The IMF offer loans to debt ridden countries to prevent the having an impact on the global economy, but to gain these loans countries have to follow SAP's
removing restrictions on capital
reduce government spending
reducing the role of governments
devalue the currency
opeing up domestic markets
HIPC have helped write off the debt of 18 nations to prevent in becoming worse
The trade of nuts case studies
Mozambique
tarrif on raw nut export as processed nuts are more valuable for them to export
The IMF removed the raw nut tariff, the price of nuts grew so much that factories could afford to purchase them and 9,000 people lost their job
Cashew nut and the IMF loan
Bolivia
Brazil nut, the EU and WTO
this industry significantly rose the national income
changes in the EU health and safety threatened this industry as the nuts are taken from the floor so risk contamination
The bolivian government will contest this but it can take a long time and their economy is in a mess
Senegal
More countries started to offer these which drove down their price
Their revenue decreased as a result and their investments left them in debt, they ended up paying more for debt annually than they do for healthcare and education combined
They specialised in the growth of the brown nut via a loan from the world bank
USA
there was infrastructure in place which meant not loans was required, thus no debts threatened the industry
New rules don't harm the US as they threaten nations with sanctions to stop this
Peanuts are subsidised as they have a rich government
Jamaica's debt
They are on of the most debt ridden countries in the world
The IMF are forcing the government to cut public spending which is problematic as half the population are below the poverty line
For over 40 years they have been struggling with debt
Global and regional trade
WTO members accounted for 96%of global trade and GDP, and 90% of the worlds population is governed by its rules
Regional trade groups emerge as neighbouring nations work together on economic decisions, an example of this is the north american free trade agreement between USA Canada and Mexico
Trading blocs towards political union
The ability of multiple nations to act as one depends on internal politics
centripetal forces like the harmonisation of economic policies, currency, laws and trust is also required
Some nations choose not to be apart of a union as they want to maintain sovereignty. An example of this is Brexit as they were happy with the economic benefits but they want to keep their own currency and laws, this would have been contested in the future by the EU as they aim to become more like a single entity (relating to people identifying themselves as european now rather than from a specific country, as european nations are becoming more similar)
Lesson 18 - How successful have IGO's been in managing environmental challenges
UN convention of the law of sea
Its purpose is to define coastal and marine boundaries to prevent territorial claims and evenly distribute revenue generated
Failure: Many countries have failed to comply and continue to pollute the ocean
The water convention
Failure: china and india have rejected this treaty as they feel water restrictions may compromise their economic growth due to rising water demands
This requires countries to use transboundary water in a reasonable way
The RAMSAR convention
This is used to conserve wetlands through local and national actions
Failure: burdur lake basin in turkey was under severe environmental damages which decreased the water volume, and the ramsar convention alienated local people
Millenium ecosystem assessment
Its purpose is to conserve ecosystems, since economic development is causing extinction rates to be 100x faster than natural rates
failure: current extinction rates are outweighing any conservation strategies, with corals and amphibians being most at risk
The montreal protocol
an agreement to reduce the substances that depleting the ozone layer
Failure: being used in air con and refrigerators
Convention of international trade in endangered species
to ensure that the trade of animals will not threaten their existence
failure: government decided against protecting the atlantic bluefin tuna, after that there was a failure to protect four species of shark
Antarctic treaty
To settle disputes over territorial sovereignty, also nuclear test and waste free
Failure: There are doubts that this treaty has the correct global warming precautions compare to the threat the antarctic is under
COP24 climate deal
Failure: There is yet to be any failure but there are worries whether countries will all follow this as this did not happen with the paris agreement
This will be a common rulebook for all countries to follow on how to cut carbon and to provide finance for poorer nations for infrastructure that could lower their emissions
Lesson 19 - What is national identity and why is it contested
Britishness and Englishness
older people are more likely to say their english than younger people, more young people identify as british this is due to their own ethnic backgrounds
What is national identity and why is it contested?
education and values
- identifying what a nation stands for encourages patriotism, these values do evolve over time which has why britishness has changed
politics and values
- cool britannia is when the government wanted young people to revamp britain as young and creative
sport
- international sports like the olympics brings out a lot of patriotism
globalisation
- people wish to maintain their traditions but globalisation encourages migration which leads to cultures mixing and evolving a nation's identity over time
Countryside and englishness
during the war it was used as a reason to protect the country
legislation like green belts restricting development in the countryside
but this idea that Britain is all countryside is dated with it having lots of thriving built up areas
Lesson 20 - what are the challenges to national identity
Businesses
The UK government rarely intervenes in the sale of companies unless it threatens the nation
some countries protect their industries for strategic reasons
More and more British companies are being bought by overseas companies to make them more competitive through EOS, yet they keep their British identity to maintain their popularity in this country
UK's industries
Utilities - a quarter of the uk's energy is provided by 6 large companies, 4 of which are foreign owned
Car industry - some UK brands are still successful but this is hard to define as they are foreign owned and place their profits offshore in tax havens
Case study: Indian investment into the UK - TATA
28,000 people work for Tata motors who own land rover
65,000 people are employed by Tata group in the UK who own 5 companies
India are now the third biggest investor into the UK
Lesson 21
How westernisation acts as a challenge to national identity
- Growing middle classes in developing nations are good opportunities for large western companies like Mcdonalds and Apple, these are then adopted by the younger generation, thus evolving the national identity over time
How are disney a threat to national identity
- in china they have leisure and film, then to expand their market they opened a radio show in hong kong. They now have 140 learning centres equipped with disney material teaching english to 150,000 children
How is property ownership in London changing identity
- In 1980 just 8% of the city of London was owned by foreign investors, whilst in 2011 this number is now at 50%. Most of these investors are registered in British tax havens like Guernsey. Most of these houses are used for money laundering and are uninhabited
Lesson 22 - What are the causes and consequences of disunity within nations
Scottish independence
They feel their economy is string enough with their oil exports as a main source of income
Another referendum is likely after brexit as they wanted to remain
Many scots dont like how power radiates from politicans in London
Catalonia independence
More taxes are taken away than they receive in services
strong catalan identity, not spanish
They have a thriving car manufacturing industry and one of Spain's most wealthy regions
Their referendum request are being ignored by Madrid and police
Internal tensions
Russia
It's the largest country meaning ethnic groups far away from Moscow are very different socially to typical Russians
e.g. Khanty people (ethnic group), which can also be found in Canada and Alaska
India
Many Muslim contested borders want to break away from India due to the devision between them and Hindus
Rural Indians have been left behind in economic growth, half a billion people don't have proper sanitation
The nation is brought together through sport like their Cricket team
Brazil
Hosting the 2014 world cup exposed division in brazilian society
many feel the money would have been better spent on public services
China
The Hukou system has left rural migrants that live in urban areas without the full benefits of chinease citizenship
They often don't have permanent settlements rights, meaning getting school places for children is difficult
Failed states
Definition
- Where political or economic systems are weakened and thus the national government is no longer in control and cannot maintain security, law, and order
Features:
A small number of people may have lots of economic or social power over the population
Poor quality of life, such as poor services and low life expectancies
High income inequalities
weak sense of national identity
Wont globally communicate due to opinions held of them
Case study:
Sudan
The north and south were divided due to a lack of unity (North is called Sudan, and South is called South Sudan)
South Sudan is one of the world's least developed nations
They have lacked internal cohesion since their independence mainly due to their size
Case study:
Somalia
They had a united government but they struggled for control in the north who were self governed until Ethiopia and Africa union regained control
Most Somalians share similar language, laws and culture. Yet they have stronger allegiances with clans rather than a national identity
Became a failed state in 1991 when their military regime was overthrown, and their country was torn in separate areas by rival warlords