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52 year old female complaining of recent challenges w. completing tasks,…

- - - - smoking
      - age 40-60s
      - environmental toxin exposure to lead
      - serving in the military being exposed to certain metals, chemicals, traumatic injuries & infections
- - - - Meninges
        
        arachnoid mater
        
        intermediate
        
        dura mater
        
        most superficial
        
        pia mater
        
        connected to spinal cord
      - cross-section
        
        dorsal root
        
        bundle; enters posterior side
        
        lateral gray horns
        
        lateral in spinal cord
        
        ventral gray horn
        
        anterior of spinal cord
        
        dorsal root ganglion
        
        enlargement along dorsal root
        
        white matter funiculi
        
        outer surface of spinal cord surrounding gray matter horns
        
        dorsal median sulcus
        
        narrow groove on posterior side
        
        ventral median fissure
        
        slightly wider groove on anterior side
        
        Ventral root
        
        bundle of neurons; leave anterior side
        
        Central canal
        
        middle open space
        
        Dorsal gray horn
        
        posterior of spinal cord
      - CNS; nervous tissue
        
        white matter
        
        filled with myelinated axons
        
        gray matter
        
        filled with cell bodies, dendrites & unmyelinated axons
    - - structural
        
        multipolar
        
        multiple extensions
        
        bipolar
        
        two extensions
        
        unipolar
        
        one extension
      - functional
        
        interneuron
        
        in CNS integrate incoming sensory info & predict the proper motor function
        
        sensory neuron
        
        transmit impulses from sensory receptors in skin/organs toward CNS
        
        visceral
        
        processing how full your stomach is
        
        somatic
        
        processing temperature sensations
        
        motor neuron
        
        neurons that carry impulse away from CNS to effectors
        
        visceral
        
        ex: setting heart rate
        
        somatic
        
        moving fingers
    - - pre-central gyrus
        
        anterior to the central sulcus
      - post-central gyrus
        
        posterior to the central sulcus
      - central sulcus
        
        separates the frontal and parietal lobes
      - longitudinal fissures
        
        very deep indentation in between the two halves
      - outer surface is covered in:
        
        gyri
        
        raised bumps
        
        sulci
        
        small indentations
      - lobes:
        
        parietal lobe
        
        posterior of the central sulcus
        
        occipital lobe
        
        posterior of parietal lobe
        
        frontal lobe
        
        anterior of the central sulcus
        
        temporal lobe
        
        beneath lateral fissure
        
        insula
        
        deep to the temporal lobe
    - - Ascending tracts
        
        sensory tracts; receptors through the body collect info
        
        3 neurons
        
        1st order neuron
        
        2nd order neuron
        
        3rd order neuron
      - Descending tracts
        
        motor tracts; motor neurons in the brain give the directions
        
        two neurons
        
        upper motor neuron
        
        lower motor neuron
    - - Ascending tracts
        
        the Spinothalamic tracts
        
        in spinal cord to the thalamus; there is a lateral & anterior tract; 3 order neurons
        
        the Spinocerebellar tract
        
        in spinal cord & cerebellum; different order neurons
      - Descending tracts
        
        the Corticospinal tract
        
        cortex/gray matter; direct motor tract
        
        the Vestibulospinal tract
        
        vestibule(saccule, utricle, semicircular canals); indirect motor tract
    - - Cerebellum
        
        inferior to the cerebrum; underneath the occipital lobe
      - Basal nuclei
        
        made of gray matter in the brain
      - Precentral gyrus
        
        in front of the central sulcus with motor functions
      - Descending spinal cord tracts
        
        taking motor information from the brain to the body
  - - - ventral root
        
        motor neurons
      - ventral gray horn
        
        motor neurons; somatic motor neurons
      - dorsal gray horn
        
        interneurons; visceral/somatic
      - dorsal root
        
        sensory neurons
      - lateral gray horns
        
        autonomic motor neurons; visceral motor
      - dorsal root ganglion
        
        sensory neurons
    - - Ascending tracts
        
        sensory tracts; receptors through the body collects info
        
        2nd order neuron
        
        interneuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
        
        1st order neuron
        
        neuron that has receptors & brings the info to the spinal cord
        
        3rd order neuron
        
        neuron in the thalamus that connects with the cerebral cortex
      - Descending tracts
        
        upper motor neuron
        
        is in the brain or the brainstem
        
        lower motor neuron
        
        neuron that synapses with the muscle
        
        motor neurons in the brain give the directions
    - - meninges
        
        arachnoid mater
        
        dura mater
        
        pia mater
      - cross section
        
        dorsal gray horn
        
        contains cell bodies of interneurons
        
        central canal
        
        middle space containing CSF
        
        ventral root
        
        leave anterior side of spinal cord traveling to muscles & glands
        
        white matter funiculi
        
        columns of myelinated axons on outer surface of spinal cord
        
        ventral gray horn
        
        neurons traveling to skeletal muscles & glands
        
        dorsal root
        
        neurons enter posterior side
        
        lateral gray horns
        
        autonomic neurons
        
        dorsal root ganglion
        
        enlargement along dorsal root with sensory neurons
        
        dorsal median sulcus
        
        narrow groove on posterior side
        
        ventral median fissure
        
        slightly wider groove on anterior side
      - CNS nervous tissue:
        
        white matter
        
        myelinated axons
        
        gray matter
        
        nonmyelinated axons, cell bodies & dendrites
    - - ascending tract ex:
        
        spinothalamic tract
        
        lateral spinothalamic tract
        
        temperature & pain
        
        anterior spinal thalamic tracts
        
        touch & pressure
        
        has 1st,2nd & 3rd order neuron
        
        spinocerebellar tract
        
        muscle coordination
        
        1st order neuron
        
        receptor bring the info
        
        2nd order neuron
        
        order neuron goes into cerebellar
      - descending tract ex:
        
        corticospinal tract
        
        direct motor tract
        
        movement directions are given in control of the precentral gyrus
        
        vestibulospinal tract
        
        indirect motor tract
        
        decision to move from brain stem
        
        this tract helps you stay balanced
    - - longitudinal fissure
        
        divides the two cerebral hemispheres
      - lobes
        
        occipital lobe
        
        process visual info & stores memories
        
        temporal lobe
        
        process of hearing and smell
        
        parietal lobe
        
        general sensory functions
        
        insula
        
        involved with memory & taste
        
        frontal lobe
        
        concentration, personality & decision making
      - pre-central gyrus
        
        involved in sensory functions
      - post-central gyrus
        
        regulates motor functions
      - central sulcus
        
        separates frontal & parietal lobes
    - - cerebellum
        
        assist the precentral gyrus with skeletal muscle movement
        
        enables smooth movements
      - basal nuclei
        
        help regulate muscle movements & prevent unwanted movements
      - precentral gyrus
        
        the contraction of the body skeletal muscle is initiated by the neurons in the precentral gyrus
      - descending spinal cord tracts
        
        motor neurons in the brain give directions & skeletal muscles respond to these directions
- - - - slurring words but can become severe
        
        treatments
        
        rely on other communication technologies
    - - damage to muscles that control swallowing causing malnutrition or dehydration; or they are also high risk of getting food, liquids or saliva into lungs
        
        treatments
        
        feeding tube
    - - ALS paralyzes the muscle used to breath
        
        treatments
        
        may be given a continuous positive airway pressure or an bilevel positive airway pressure to assist with breathing at night; or having a tracheostomy
    - - muscle cramps, stiffness, contractions
        
        treatments
        
        medications; physical therapy
    - - depression, dementia
        
        treatments
        
        having a therapist or a mental health professional