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A 52-year-old female (a proud Gulf War veteran) presents in the doctor’s…

- - - - Environmental
      - Tramatic Injuries
      - Exposure to metals
- - - - Cerebrum
        
        Central Sulcus
        
        Sulci: Indentations
        
        Gyri: Bumps
        
        Precentral gyrus: anterior to central sulcus
        
        Postcentral gyrus: posterior to central sulcus
        
        Left Hemisphere : separated into 5 lobes
        
        Right Hemisphere: separated into 5 lobes
      - Spinal Cord: Nervous tissue that extend from brain stem to lumbar region
        
        Ventral Root: descending root
        
        Dorsal Gray horns: Gray matter, internuerons
        
        Dorsal Root: myelinated axons surrounding gray horns
        
        Meninges
        
        Arachnoid Mater: deep
        
        Dura Mater: Superficial
        
        Pia Mater: Deepest
        
        Ventral Gray Horns: anterior spinal cord
        
        Lateral Gray Horns: gray matter, lateral spinal cord
        
        White Matter Funiculi: Sensory neuron bundles
        
        Gray Matter: unmyelinated axons
        
        White Matter: myelinated axons
        
        Dorsal Median Sulcus: posterior narrow groove
        
        Dorsal Root Ganglion: enlargment on dorsal root of sensory neurons
        
        Ventral Median Fissure: anterior groove
        
        Central Canal: Middle open space
    - - Interneurons
      - Motor
      - Sensory
    - - Central Nervous System (CNS)
      - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
      - Skeletal
      - Digestive
      - Respiratory
  - - - Cerebrum : Higher order thinking
        
        Postcentral Gyrus: regulates sensory functions
        
        Right/Left Hemispheres
        
        Parietal Lobe: general sensory
        
        Occipital Lobe: visual
        
        Frontal Lobe: motor function and personality
        
        Temporal Lobe: Hearing and Smell
        
        Insula: memory and taste
        
        Precentral Gyrus: regulates motor function
        
        Central Sulcus: Divides frontal and parietal lobes
        
        Sulci: Increases surface area of brain
        
        Gyri: Increase surface area of brain
      - Spinal Cord :Houses cerebral Spinal fluid
        
        Dorsal Root: columns of myelinated axons
        
        Central Canal: Houses CerbralSpinal fluid
        
        Ventral Gray Horns: houses motor neurons traveling to skeletal muscle and glands
        
        Multipolar Neurons
        
        Somatic Motor Neurons
        
        Dorsal Gray Horns: houses cell bodies of interneurons
        
        Multipolar Neurons
        
        Interneurons
        
        Lateral Gray Horns: houses autonomic motor neurons
        
        Multipolar Neurons
        
        Visceral Motor Neurons
        
        Gray Matter: contains cell bodies
        
        White Matter Funiculi: houses sensory neurons
        
        White Matter: electrical insulation for neurons
        
        Ventral Median Fissure: houses anterior spinal cord
        
        Dorsal Median Sulcus: separates finiculi
        
        Menengies
        
        Dura mater: carries blood, supports dual sinus
        
        Pia Mater: Supplies nutrients to nervous tissue
        
        Arachnoid Mater: Covers brain and spinal cord
        
        Dorsal Root Ganglion: houses sensory neurons
        
        Ventral Root: houses motor neurons
    - - Interneurons: pocess impulses in CNS
      - Motor: carry impulses from CNS to muscles/glands
      - Sensory: Transmit impulses from sensory receptors
    - - CNS: Collect, process, respond to sensory
      - Skeletal: Movement and protection
      - Digestive: Absorption/ digestions of nutrients
      - Respiratory: Breathing
      - PNS: connect CNS to organs and skin
    - - White Matter Tracts
        
        Ascending: Takes info to brain
        
        1st order neuron: sensory neuron brings info to spinal cord
        
        2nd order neurons: interneurons process info in dorsal horn
        
        3rd order nerusons: interneruons send info to thalamus
        
        example: Spinothalamic tracts
      - Descending: Takes info to muscle (motor)
        
        Upper motor neruon: in precentral gyrus
        
        Lower motor neuron: at Neuromuscular junction
        
        Direct motor tract ex: Corticospinal tract
    - - Basal Nuclei: regulate muscle movement, prevent unwanted movement
      - Descending Spinal Cord Tracts: Pathways from upper motor neuron to lower motor neuron
      - Cerebellum: ensures smooth coordinated motor movement
      - Precentral Gyrus: conducts motor skills
      - Sensory Receptor picks up stimulus
- - - - neuron death/ no signals sent to muscles
    - - dementia
  - - - dehydration/ malnutrition
        
        feeding tube
        
        probiotics
        
        vitamin supplemets
      - Aspiration
        
        pneumonia
        
        hospitalization
  - - - respiratory failure
        
        treatment
        
        Tracheotomy
        
        Ventilator
        
        CPAP
  - - - aptosis
  - - - Treatment
        
        Speech therapy
        
        Written Communication
  - - - muscles weaken
        
        Treatment
        
        Assistance by wheelchair/walker
        
        Medication to slow progression