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Carbon (ATOM (Follows that same peripheral shape of a foundation and…

- - - - A proton has a positive charge and an electron has a negative charge. Neutrons are not known to be attracted to any shape, so we call them neutral
      - Not only are the 2 attracted to one another, molecules of similar charge repel one another, meaning they want to get away as far as possible
        
        So if like charges repel, how can the nucleus have protons be so close to each other?
        
        The nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear force
        
        Strong force is one of the four fundamental forces in the universe:
        
        Gravity
        
        Electromagnetism
        
        Strong Force
        
        Weak Force
        
        The nuclear force is caused by these extremely subatomic particles called mesons that are rapidly bouncing from one proton to the other, which holds it together.
        
        So it's a particle traveling back and forth from one proton to the next. This helps explain why this force only acts in extremely short distance (femtometers) because the meson can't travel bigger distances fast enough to hold them together
        
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  - - - Mass number is basically the number of nucleons in the atom
        
        Here, neutrons do indeed matter unlike atomic number.
        
        How so?
        
        We account or something called isotopes. Isotopes are these atoms where they have the same # of protons, so they are the same element, but they have different # of neutrons
        
        Why do isotopes exist? We don't entirely know tbh. But something about how neutrons decay from stars.
        
        It's simply the number of protons + the number of neutrons
    - - The atomic numbers is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom
        
        Each element we uniquely identify in the universe, so like Helium, Hydrogen, Carbon, etc. are all distinct from one another because of the number of protons
        
        Why don't neutrons matter in this? Because different number of protons changes the reactivity of an element. A neutron however, doesn't, as protons change electrons coming and going, whereas neutrons don't as they don't have a charge
        
        Therefore, you can have the same chemical with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons
        
        This is called an isotope
        
        Atomic numbers don't account for isotopes, but mass numbers do
        
        So what's the point of neutrons exactly? They don't seem to do much with reactivity.
        
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        Carbon Dating
        
        Fossils or corpses throughout life, we find
        by digging the ground; we can find the age of these
        fossils by looking at what percent of this fossil's composition is Carbon 14
        
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    - - It's a weighted average of how often you find the isotope * the weight of that atom
    - - Molecular mass is the mass of a molecule. So like CH4 or O2. You add up all the individual atomic masses of each atom and put them together to get the molecular mass
        
        For example, CH4:
        
        C: 1 atom * 12 (atomic mass of carbon)
        
        H: 4 atom * 1 (atomic mass of hydrogen)