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Nervous System (Drugs that Affect the Brain (Heroine- a solid pain drug…
Nervous System
Drugs that Affect the Brain
Heroine- a solid pain drug that can be pill patch, injected, snorted, or smoked
Interferes with inhibitory, dopamine, and opiate neurotransmitter
Mimics opiates, turns off dopamine, and floods synapse
Effects: warmth, pleasure, pain signals, stress response, emotional attachment, and a painkiller
Also known as morphine
Ecstasy- a chemical stimulant and hallucinogen that can be swallowed or snorted
Mimics serotonin, alters transporter it becomes "confused", does its job in reverse, transports serotonin out of the cell
Interferes with serotonin neurotransmitter, transporter, and receptors
Effects: increase in energy, distortions in perception, muscle cramping, chills, sweating, panic attacks, mood, sleep, and appetite
Also known as MDMA
Inhalants- a chemical depressant that can be inhaled
Also known as solvents, aerosol sprays, and gases
Effects: impairs coordination, speed, judgement, hallucinations, seizures, and brain damage
LSD- a lab made hallucinogen that can be swallowed, injected, smoked, or snorted
Acts like serotonin, binds to receptors, interacts with receptors, and may inhibit or excite them
Interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters and receptors
Effects: makes you see or hear things that are not there, feelings of wakefulness, and evokes a startle response unexpected stimulus
Also known as hallucinogen or psychedelic
Marijuana- a large group of compound found in cannabis plant depressant that can be taken by smoking, vaping, swallowing, or eating
Also known as cannabis plant, extract edibles, synthetic
Interferes with inhibitory neurotransmitter, dopamine neurotransmitter, receptor, and cannabinoid receptor
Effects: relaxed, peaceful feeling, paranoia, impair thinking, memory, attention, and slow reaction
Mimics anandamide, binds to cannabinoid receptors, inhibitions turn off, dopamine is allowed to squirt into the synapse
GHB & Rohypnol- a pill or powder depressant that can be swallowed
Effects: relaxes, hallucinations, nausea, and slow breathing
Also known as gamma hydroxybutyrate, xyrem, and flunitrazepam
Methamphetamine- a lab made stimulant that can be smoked, injected, or snorted
Also known as meth
Interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters, transporter, and receptor
Effects: speeds up brain, nerve activity, increase alertness, energy, severe overheating, insomnia, paranoia, heart failure, decrease appetite, pleasure, andexhilaration
Mimics dopamine, forces dopamine chemicals out, transporter works in reverse, and dopamine comes out of the cel into the synapse
Cocaine-a stimulant leaf from coco plants that can be snorted or injected
Also known as crack (a freebase cocaine)
Interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters, receptors, and transporter
Effects: speeds brain and nerves, fidgety, and unable to stay still
Blocks transporters, dopamine gets trapped, dopamine binds again and again, and receptors overstimulate cell
Dissociative Drugs- a liquid, powder, or pill anesthetic and depressant that can be swallowed, snorted, injected, or smoked
Also known as ketamine, dextromethorphan, and PCP (phencyclidine)
Effects: the brain's actions and feelings
Alcohol- a liquid depressant that can be drank
Effects: slows brain and nerve function, impairs coordination, reasoning, balance, speech, judgement, memory formation, decision making, and impulse control
Interferes with the GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter, receptors, glutamate neurotransmitter, and receptors
It delivers a double sedative punch, interacts with GABA receptor, binds to glutamate receptors and prevents it from exciting the cell
Also known as ethanol, ethyl alcohol, beer, wine, and liquor
Nicotine- an active substance in tobacco plants stimulant that can be smoked, inhaled, chewed, patch, dipped, and vaped
Effects: increases nerve activity
Also known as cigarettes, cigar, surf, pipe, and chewing tobacco
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Conus medularis- end of cord
Extends from medulla oblongata & ends at the second lumbar vertebra in adults
Two enlargemants
Cervical enlargement- C4-T1- nerves to and from upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement- T9-T12- nerves to and from lower limbs
Connection between the brain & brain stem to the rest of the body
Cauda equina- horse's tail
After conus medularis, spinal cord divides into nerves that leave at lower levels
Major Part of the Brain & Functions
Diencephalon- superior to brain stem, surrounded by cerebrum
Brain Stem
Cerebrum- largest portion
Cerebellum- "little brain"
Lobes & Functions
Pariental Lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex
Occipital Lobe
Visual area- vision
Visual recognition
Frontal Lobe
Broca's area- coordinate muscle movements for speech
Primary motor cortex
Associations areas- concerned with more complex integrative functions, such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment and intelligence
Language comprehension
Temporal Lobe
Olfactory area- smelling
Auditory area- hearing
Action Potential
Strong enough stimulation or nerve impulse causes Na+ gates to open => Na+ rush into cell causing depolarization
If a strong enough depolarization occurs, threshold potential is reached (+30) and impulse is sent down axon
Nerve impulse is transmitted during action potential
K+ rush out of neuron after Na+ rush in, which causes a repolarization of the membrane back to resting potential
Major functions of the Nervous System
Integrative Function- analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behavior
Motor Function- responds to change (stimuli) by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Sensory Function- detects changes (stimuli) within body and outside body
Layers of Meninges
Arachnoid Matter
Thin membrane that lacks blood vessels
Subdural space-fluid filled area between dura & subarachnoid maters
Spider web-like collagen & elastic fiber
Pia Meter
Follows contours of brain & spinal cord
Subdural space-area between arachnoid & Pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Innermost, nearly transparent layer; has many nerves & blood vessels
Dura Mater
Dense, irregular C.T. with many blood vessels and nerves
Attached to periosteum
Outermost layer
Meningitis- inflammation of meninges
Classification of Neurons
Bipolar- one main dendrite and one axon- usually found in special sense organs
Unipolar- just one process, and are always sensory neurons- axon terminals are in CNS and cell bodies in ganglia
Multipolar- several dendrites and one axon- neurons of CNS are mostly this type
Coverings
Perineurium- surrounds fascicles (bundles nerve fibers)
Epineurium- surrounds entire nerve
Endoneurium- surrounds individual neuron
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic end bulbs may contain 2 or 3 different neurotransmitters
Needs to be removed or will influence nerve indefinitely
Some degraded by enzymes
Some reuptake into cells
At least 30-50 different neurotransmitter identified
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system is associated with the "fight or flight"
Short pre-ganglionic (nerve before synapse) and long postganglionic (nerve after synapse) neuron
Neurotransmitters: Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Synapses (junction between neurons) in ganglia near spinal cord
Effectors organs: eyes, lungs, heart, etc.
Originates in the thoracolumbar (t1 through l2) segments of the spinal cord
Remember "E" exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Parasympathetic nervous system is associated with the "daily" body functions
Long pre-ganglionic and short postganglionic neuron
Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
Synapses in ganglia near effector organ
Effectors organs: salivary glands, digestive & reproductive organs
Originates in brainstem and sacral (s1 through s4)
Remember "D"- digestion, dedication, and diuresis (urination)
Branch of the PNS
Major Divisions & Subdivisions of Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Thoughts and emotions are generated
Memories are formed and stored
Information is integrated
Most nerve impulses that influence effector organs begin in CNS
Consists of brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory/ afferent neurons- carry information from body toward CNS
Motor/ efferent neurons- carry instructions away from CNS to target of effector organs of body
Consists of cranial and spinal nerves
PNS Divisions
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary portion of PNS
Brings info from skin, special senses, body wall and limbs to CNS, and motor neurons to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
Responses are involuntary
ANS divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System & Parasympathetic Nervous System
SNS- "fight or flight". Emergency or non-normal situations
PNS- "feed and breed". normal everyday situations
Most organs receive input from both divisions
Brings info from receptors in internal organs to CNS and motor neurons to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
Reflex arc
-Direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, motor neuron to an effector