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Nervous System (drugs that affect the brain (ecstasy, marijuana, heroine,…
Nervous System
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action potential
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strong enough stimulation or nerve impulse causes NA+ gates to open, NA+ rushes into cell causing depolarization
if strong enough, depolarization occurs, threshold potential is reached (+30) & impulse is sent down axon
K+ rushes out of neuron after NA+ rush in, which causes repolarization of the membrane back to resting potential
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dark outer area consists of gray matter, contains cell bodies of 75% of all neurons in the system
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superior to brain stem, surrounded by cerebrum
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narrow, worm-shaped structure in between both sides of the cerebellum
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consists mainly of the spinal cord, generates thoughts and emotions, forms and stores memories
consists of cranial & spinal nerves, carries information to and from CNS
brings information from sin, special senses, body wall, & limbs to CNS, & motor neurons to skeletal muscles (voluntary)
brings info from receptors in internal organs to CNS & motor neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands (involuntary)
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analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, & makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors (thinking portion)
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receiving portions, short, tapered & highly branched
start as single fiber, but may give off branches called collateral axon
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one process, are always sensory neurons, axon terminals are in CNS & cell bodies in ganglia
one main dendrite & one axon, usually found in special sense organs
several dendrites & one axon, neurons of CNS are mostly this type
transmit sensory impulses (toward CNS) mostly unipolar, some bipolar
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supply myelin sheathes to axons in PNS, aids in regrowth of damages peripheral axons
act in support, guiding development, & stimulation & maintenance
star-shaped cells w/ many processes, hold neurons close to blood vessels, help form the blood-brain barrier
most common, form myelin sheath for neurons of CNS
small & have fewer processes, protect CNS by phagocytizing microbes & clearing away debris from inflammation & tissue damage
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comes from opium poppy plants, is a depressant, causes rush of warmth & pleasure followed by drowsiness & clouded thinking
(MDMA) stimulant & hallucinogen, increases energy & causes distortion in perception
comes from cannabis plant, is a depressant, stimulant, & hallucinogen, causes relaxed,peaceful feeling or paranoia & anxiety
lab-made stimulant, causes a speed up in brain activity, increased alertness & energy, decrease in appetite
made from cocoa plants, stimulant, causes increased energy, alertness, & confidence
found in nature or made in lab, hallucinogen, causes distortion in perception, intensifies sensations
depressant, slows brain & nerve function, impairs coordination, reasoning, balance, speech, reaction time, & judgement
outermost layer, dense, irregular CT with many blood vessels & nerves
spiderweb-like collagen & elastic fiber, thin membrane that lacks blood vessels
innermost, nearly transparent layer, has many nerves & blood vessels, follows contours of brain & spinal cord
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direct route from sensory neuron, to an interneuron, motor neuron to an effector
diamond-shaped cavity located dorsal to the pons and upper medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum
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separate into right & left, bigger than the other 2
primary motor cortex: controls voluntary actions of specific muscles or groups of muscles on the opposite sides of the body
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association areas: concerned with memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, & intelligence