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Genetics (Mutation - an alteration in the DNA of an organism that can…

- - - - Evolutionary Adaptation - when organisms' features adapt to the environment after generations of natural selection
        Ex. There were two different factors causing an evolutionary adaptation. The light colored moths were getting eaten until little to none were left AND, because the dark colored moths were the ones left, they were the ones to reproduce and make more dark colored moths. So, in the end, what was left were a species of adapted dark colored moths that could hide in their changed environment.
      - (Mutations > Variation > Adaptation > Natural Selection)
      - N.S. Ex. the dark colored peppered moths could more easily blend in and hide from predators after the trees had darkened (due to fossil fuels )so they were the ones that survived and reproduced
      - N.S. Ex. The Black-Bellied Seed-Crackers: Environmental conditions caused food to be available for only birds with small beaks, causing population of big beaked to go down + small beaked to rise. Then, environment changed again and the opposite birds (big beaked) thrived while population of small beaked birds went down.
    - - A.S. Ex. As explained in the Newsela Article "Types of Non-Mendelian Genetics," breeders can produce a rabbit with beautiful fur by combining the genes of two pretty parent rabbits
      - Cloning - Asexually produced organisms are essentially clones. However, scientists have found a way to create an organism sexually that has the same genes as it's parent. This is done by collecting the DNA from original animal then inserting them into an empty egg.
        
        The first cloned mammal was Dolly the Sheep. (ScienceWorld)
        
        Although, no guarantee new organism will look/act exactly as first
        
        Scientist also suspicious cloning could lead to medical problems.
      - A.S. Ex. Scientists created a superfood vegetable, kalettes, by combining the most healthy and delicious traits of brussels sprouts and kale.
- - - - Protein - a part of the gene; They create molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA (the sentences)
        
        Trait - a characteristic of an organism determined by genes.
        Ex. blood type or hair color (the words)
        
        Genotype - the genetic code for an organism's cells
        Ex. eye color; they are expressed through letters
        Ex. HH, Hh, hh
        
        .
        
        Heterozygous - a genotype that consists of two different alleles (Hh)
        
        Homozygous Recessive - a genotype that consists of two recessive alleles (hh)
        
        Homozygous Dominant - a genotype that consists of two dominant alleles (HH)
        
        .
        
        Phenotype - the physical appearance of the trait
        Ex. blue eyes
      - Allele - the different forms within a gene
        (the types or flavors; green or brown)
    - - As explained in the Science World article, "Two-Faced Cat!" each of the two X chromosomes inherited by a female contain different genes. In cats, these genes can determine fur color. So, to say the least, in different parts of the body, the two chromosomes can deactivate one another, resulting in two different fur colors.