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Summary notes (Mussolini's Foreign Adventures (A 'mad little…
Summary notes
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First World War
Mussolini supported the war, and consequently was kicked out of the socialist party
He created his own newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, in Nov. 1914
Founded the party, the Autonomous Fasci of Revolutionary Action in Nov. 1914
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Mutilated Victory
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15th May 1921 Mussolini's party, the Italian Fasci de Combat joined a coalition of right-wing groups, the National Bloc which gained 35 out of the 535 seats in parliament
Groups of black-shirted fascists, Sqaudrismo, paramilitary squads intimidated and beat opponents - Mussolini's party
Totalitarianism
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In October 1925 Mussolini said that everything was to be 'within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state'
1928 banned all opposition parties, parliamentary elections were banned
Ministry of Popular Culture controlled all aspects of Italian media, banning anything it considered overly Bourgeois i.e. American comics
Mussolini's downfall
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Dino Grandi put forward a resolution that Mussolini be deposed and Victor Emmanuel III replace the dictator
Mussolini was consequently imprisoned and his successor Pietro Badoglio appinted a new cabinet containing no fascists
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Mussolini's wars
1924, Mussolini stated 'Our peninsula is too small, too rocky, too mountainous to be able to feed its 40 million inhabitants '
3rd October 1935, without declaring War Italy attacked Ethiopia
18th December 1935 the 'Day of Faith', Mussolini asked the women of Italy to donate their gold wedding rings in exchange for a silver wristband marked 'Gold for the Fatherland'
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Risorgimento
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By the Law of Guarantees 1871 Pope Pius XII was stripped of the Papal sates and consequently refused to recognise the king, taking refuge in the Vatican
Early years
December 1912 Mussolini was appointed as the editor of Italy's national socialist paper, Avanti!
1904 Mussolini's hatred of the Church inspired a pamphlet titled 'God does not exist' and later in 1911 he wrote an anti-clerical novel, The Cardinal's Mistress
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Mussolini and the Pope
11th February 1929 after three years of negotiation Mussolini and Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran pact
However In the popes encyclical of June 1931, We Do Not Need, pius critised the 'pagan worship of the state'
Anti-Semitism
New laws, 17th Nov. 1938 deprived Jews of their civil rights
Stripped of their Italian citizenship, banned from higher education, and positions of public office. Mixed marriages banned
14th July 1938, Mussolini issued the 'Manifesto on Race' containing titles such as 'Jews Do Not Belong to the Italian Race'
The Rescue of Mussolini
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12th September he was freed by the Nazis, Hitler appointed colonel Otto Skorenzky to save 'Italy's greatest son'
Italian Social Republic
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He was the head of the puppet state, the Italian Social Republic proclaimed on the 23rd of Sept. 1943
The Matteotti Crisis
1923 the Grand Council passed the Acerbo Law, this rigged the electoral system
6th April 1924, Mussolini's right coalition won 374 of the 535 seats
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In disgust politicians withdrew from parliament hoping to pressurise the king into removing Mussolini
The 'Aventine Secession' backfired, the King stood by Mussolini