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Severe face and arm muscle spasms; ability to speak compromised=…
Severe face and arm muscle spasms; ability to speak compromised= Clostridium tetani infection
Body Systems Involved
Nervous System
Neurotoxin exposure damages nervous tissue
Changes in neuron structure
Function of neuron loss
Interference with action potential
Neuron communication decrease
Release of inhibitory transmitters blocked
Excessive muscle contraction
Muscular System
Muscles overstimulated
Excessive contractions
Respiratory System
Can't relax the diaphragm
Decreased respirations
Sore muscles, muscle cramps, and swallowing difficulties
Skeletal System
Pulling on bones from muscle spasms
Fractions & dislocations
Immune System
Antigens trigger T cell response
Protection against pathogens in blood
Integumentary System
Broken skin infected by bacteria
Passageway to bloodstream open
Neuromuscular Junction: Chain of Events
Calcium entry at synaptic knob
Nerve signal is propagated down motor axon & triggers entry
Release of ACh from synaptic knob
Calcium binding triggers synaptic vesicles to merge with snyaptic knob
Binding of ACh to ACh receptors at motor end plate
ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft to bind with ACh receptors
Exocytosis Steps
Vesicle nears plasma membrane
Vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane
Plasma membrane opens to outside of cell
Release of vesicle contents into the interstitial fluid & integration of vesicle membrane components into the plasma membrane
Difference between Twitch, Summation, & Tetany
Twitch
A single, brief contraction period & then relaxation period from stimulation
Summation
Wave summation
Contraction waves added together "summed"
Temporal summation
Depends upon increasing frequency(tempo/timing) of stimulation
Tetany
Continuous contraction; tension tracing is smooth line
Incomplete tetany
Tension tracing continues to increase & the distance between waves decreases
Neurotransmitters
Amino Acids
Glutamate
Main excitatory transmitter of CNS
Involved in nerve to muscle communication
Glycine
Main inhibitory transmitter of spinal cord
Reduce muscle wasting
GABA
Main inhibitory transmitter in brain
Improves muscle building
Acetylcholine(ACh)
Excitatory function
Muscle contraction
Nicotinic receptors
Inhibitory function
Slows heart rate
Muscarinic receptors
Biogenic Amines
Serotonin
Rate of Contraction changed
Dopamine
Controls movement from higher brain center
Norepinephrine
Intestinal blood flow increased
Epinephrine
Muscle strength increased
Histamine
Glucose uptake affected
Vocal cord spasms
Pneumonia
Increased heart rate
Heart attack
Increased blood pressure
Abnormal heart rhythm
Diaphragmatic spasms
Respirations decreased
Immune system compromised
Infection
Sepsis
Tissue perfusion decreased
Brain damage
Death
Clostridium Tetani
NMJ Effected
Inhibitory transmitter release blocked
Muscle contraction prolonged
Toxin production
Tetanospasmin
Production of clinical tetanus from neurotoxin
Release of GABA inhibited
Tetanolysin
Tissue destroyed from lysis of platelets
Never vaccinated for Clostridium tetani bacterium
Received a tattoo from a "sketchy" tattoo parlor
Infected with Clostridium tetani from dirty needles
23 year old male; with multiple tattoos