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Healthy, happy couple in their 40s no longer want any more kids and want…

- - - - ovaries
        
        eggs are produced
      - Uterine Tube
        
        transport ova from ovary to uterus
      - Uterus
        
        nurturing fertilized egg
      - Vagina
        
        connects uterus to outside
        
        provides lubrication and sensation
    - - Testis
        
        Interstitial Cells
        
        make testosterone
        
        male sex hormone
        
        development of male reproductive tissues
        
        organ that produces sperm
      - Ducts
        
        Epididymis
        
        mature sperm
      - Penis
        
        male sex organ; conduit for urine to leave the body
      - Accessory Glands
        
        Prostate Gland
        
        secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm
        
        Cowper's Gland
        
        neutralize acidic urine; lubrication
        
        Seminal Vesicles
        
        play a role in semen secretion
  - - - Menses Phase
        
        lining is shed; menstruation
      - Proliferative Phase
        
        follicles inside ovaries develop and mature in prep for ovulation
      - Secretory Phase
        
        from ovulation until next period
    - - Follicular Phase
        
        menstrual cycle
      - Ovulation
        
        release of a mature egg
      - Luteal Phase
        
        begins right after ovulation; formation of corpus luteum and ends in pregnancy or luteolysis
    - - females
        
        birth control
        
        stops sperm from joining with the egg
        
        short term side effects: bleeding between periods, headaches, nausea, weight gain, mood swings
        
        long term side effects: hormonal changes, breast cancer, blood clots
        
        IUD
        
        localized hormone release placed in uterus that stops sperm from getting to the egg
        
        side effects: irregular bleeding, lighter/no periods, PMS headaches, nausea, breast tenderness
        Rare side effects: expulsion, uterine perforation, pelvic inflammatory disease
        
        spermicide
        
        creams, gels, foams that slow down sperm motility making it harder for them to swim to an egg
        
        side effects: may increase UTIs, allergic reaction, not very effective when used alone
        
        hysterectomy
        
        removal of uterus
        
        side effects: injury to nearby organs, blood clots in legs or lungs, infection, heavy bleeding, early menopause, painful intercourse, vaginal dryness; irreversible
      - males
        
        condoms
        
        keep semen from entering vagina
        
        no side effects; rare: latex allergy, can use latex free condoms
        
        vasectomy
        
        surgery that blocks sperm from reaching semen that is ejaculated
        
        side effects: bleeding, hematoma, blood in semen, infection, swelling, pain, discomfort; is reversible
        
        male birth control pills
        
        lowers levels of testosterone, cutting down sperm production; hormones as low as if they were castrated
        
        side effects: weight gain, acne, mood swings
- - - - can take the body some time to return to normal hormone production