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chapter 9 (zygote (sporophyte phase or generation (sporophytes (spores…

- - - - always diploid, like most adult animals, and they have organs (located in the flowers in angiosperms) with cells capable of undergoing meiosis.
      - spores
        
        in animals, meiosis result in haploid gamestses, but in plants, its results in haploid
        
        syngamy or fertilization
        
        gametes can fuse with other gametes in a process; producign the diploid zygote. a gamete that does not undergo syngamy dies because it cannot live by itself and usually cannot grow into a new, haploid individual ( unfertilized eggs of some insects such as bees are exceptional develop into sterile workers).
        
        gametophyte
        
        plant spores are just the opposite: they cannot undergo syngamy,l but each undergoes mitosis and grows into an entire new haploid plant
        
        microgametes
        
        small sperm cells that swim
        
        megagametes
        
        large that do not
        
        microgametophytes
        
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        in oogamous plants, just as in oogamous mammals, sperms are produced by one type of individual and eggs by a different type of individual; #
- - - - by meiosis individuals that produce sperms(male) and individuals that produce eggs(females)
- - - - in angiosperms only, the seond sperm nucleus releases form the pollen tube migreates form the synergid into th ecentral cell. in undergoes karyogamy with both polar nuclei,
      - double fertilization
        
        because both sperm nuclei undergo fusions-one with the egg nucleus and the other with the polar nuclei
        
        suspensor
        
        which pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm. usually delicate and ephemeral in angiosperms; it is crushed by the later growth of the embryo and is not easily detectable in a mature seed.
        
        cotyledons
        
        the end of the embryo father form the suspensor initiates two primordia that grow into two cotyledons in basal angiosperms adn eudicots.
        
        radicle
        
        the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root
        
        epicotyl
        
        the region of an embryo or seedling stem above the cotyledon
        
        hypocotyl
        
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